Regionally tuned algorithm to study the seasonal variation of suspended sediment concentration using IRS-P4 Ocean Colour Monitor data

Satellite data product validation and algorithm development activities both require the substantial accumulation of high-quality in situ observations. Data were acquired from Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) and in situ observations for tuning of Tassan’s algorithm (Tassan, 1994) to retrieve the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the coastal waters off southern Karnataka, India. Tassan’s algorithm has been modified regionally by adopting statistical/graphical criteria to characterize the spatial and seasonal distribution of SSC. A concurrent and collocated datasets (n = 120) of in situ SSC and OCM based remote sensing reflectance [Rrs(λ) in bands 490, 555 and 670 nm] were regressed. The linear fit yielded regionally tuned new coefficients which were replaced in place of Tassan’s global coefficients. The tuned algorithm was shown to retrieve SSC with range of 1.1–37.12 mg/l, which means it can be used for coastal waters. Since in situ samples were collected within the continental margin (average depth of ∼20 m), we retain the global SSC algorithm (Tassan, 1994) approach for deeper bathymetric values (>50 m depth) where we have no in situ measurements. Comparative analysis indicated statistically significant relationship (R2 = 0.99; n = 45; p < 0.05 at 95% confidence level) between in situ SSC and regionally tuned algorithm based SSC, with bias of 0.36 mg/l and root mean square (RMS) difference of 0.73 mg/l. This result clearly demonstrated the improvement of SSC measurement from OCM using regionally tuned Tassan’s algorithm (RMS = 0.73 mg/l) over the globally coefficient based Tassan’s algorithm (RMS = 16.1 mg/l). The tuned regional algorithm was used to estimate SSC in 2004, 2005 and 2007 which shows the concentration varied from 1.13 to 28.1 mg/l in 2004, 1.84 to 23.12 mg/l in 2005 and 2 to 27.85 mg/l in 2007. Graphical and statistical methods using analysis of variance (ANOVA) have shown significant seasonal variability and inter-station spatial variability in SSC. Peak concentrations were recorded in the post-monsoon followed by the pre-monsoon period. The wind, wave and current pattern associated with southwest monsoon possibly controls the seasonal distribution, while nearshore turbulence and littoral transport influence the spatial distribution. This paper clearly demonstrated the potential application of regionally tuned algorithm for SSC mapping to study the spatial and seasonal pattern in shallow water off southern Karnataka

A Therapeutic Evaluation of Anticancer and Pharmacological Abilities on Tinospora cordifolia: A Systematic Review

Tinospora cordifolia (Tc), commonly called as Giloy, it is a herbaceous vine that is widely used in traditional medicine systems for its alleged anti-cancer effects. The purpose of this systematic study is to assess Tinospora cordifolia’s (Tc) medicinal potential against cancer. A thorough search of various scientific databases was done for studies looking at Tinospora cordifolia's anti-cancer properties. The findings demonstrate a varied variety of In vitro and In vivo research demonstrating Tinospora cordifolia’s (Tc) anti-proliferative, apoptotic and anti-metastatic activities against many cancer types, including breast, prostate, colon, and leukaemia. Mechanistic insights into its mode of action, such as modulation of signaling pathways involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis and angiogenesis, are presented. However, limitations in study designs, inconsistency in methodology, and differences in reported outcomes highlight the need for more well-designed clinical trials to evaluate Tinospora cordifolia's efficacy and safety as a potential supplementary medicine in cancer treatment regimens. Therapeutic plants, such as T. cordifolia, can strengthen the body's defences against disease and cure specific areas, displaying more body compatibility and fewer side effects than medications. In conjunction with this, the current study highlights T. cordifolia's pharmacological potential against a variety of illnesses

Molecular Characterization of a Secreted Enzyme with Phospholipase B Activity from Moraxella bovis

A candidate for a vaccine against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) has been cloned and characterized from Moraxella bovis. The plb gene encodes a protein of 616 amino acids (molecular mass of ∼65.8 kDa) that expresses phospholipase B activity. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that PLB is a new member of the GDSL (Gly-Asp-Ser-Leu) family of lipolytic enzymes