Forage rape (Brassica napus L) seed quality: Impact of heat stress in the field during seed development

Climate change is predicted to increase the frequency of heat stress events during seed production. In two consecutive seasons, plants within a forage rape (Brassica napus L.) seed crop were covered with plastic sheeting to increase ambient air temperature for the period between seed filling (80% seed moisture content) and seed physiological maturity (50% seed moisture content) and seed physiological maturity (50% seed moisture content) = T₁, between physiological maturity and harvest (14% seed moisture content) = T₂, and between 80% seed moisture content and harvest = T₃. This resulted in 47 and 102 h when air temperature exceeded 25°C for T₁, 121 and 173 h for T₂, and 145 and 228 h for T₃ compared with 9 and 30 h for the uncovered control in each season respectively. Hourly thermal time (T base = 25°C) was calculated for each treatment. Both T₁ and T₂ resulted in small (2-10%) reductions in germination in each season, but when season data were meaned and analysed, only T₂ and T₃ significantly reduced germination. Seed mass (as measured by thousand seed weight) was significantly reduced by T₁, but not T₂, while seed vigour, as assessed by the accelerated ageing and conductivity tests, was significantly reduced by all three treatments, with T₃> T₂ >T₁. The number of hours that temperature exceeded 25°C was negatively correlated with germination and seed vigour, but not seed mass. Approximately 100h of temperature exceeding 25°C, or an hourly thermal time of 300°C h (Tb = 25°C) were required to reduce the vigour status of the seed lot. Crop management strategies to avoid heat stress during seed development are unlikely to succeed in this environment

Temporal and spatial appearance of wall polysaccharides during cellularization of barley (Hordeum vulgare) endosperm

Barley endosperm begins development as a syncytium where numerous nuclei line the perimeter of a large vacuolated central cell. Between 3 and 6 days after pollination (DAP) the multinucleate syncytium is cellularized by the centripetal synthesis of cell walls at the interfaces of nuclear cytoplasmic domains between individual nuclei. Here we report the temporal and spatial appearance of key polysaccharides in the cell walls of early developing endosperm of barley, prior to aleurone differentiation. Flowering spikes of barley plants grown under controlled glasshouse conditions were hand-pollinated and the developing grains collected from 3 to 8 DAP. Barley endosperm development was followed at the light and electron microscope levels with monoclonal antibodies specific for (1→3)-β-d-glucan (callose), (1→3,1→4)-β-d-glucan, hetero-(1→4)-β-d-mannans, arabino-(1→4)-β-d-xylans, arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) and with the enzyme, cellobiohydrolase II, to detect (1→4)-β-d-glucan (cellulose). Callose and cellulose were present in the first formed cell walls between 3 and 4 DAP. However, the presence of callose in the endosperm walls was transient and at 6 DAP was only detected in collars surrounding plasmodesmata. (1→3,1→4)-β-d-Glucan was not deposited in the developing cell walls until approximately 5 DAP and hetero-(1→4)-β-d-mannans followed at 6 DAP. Deposition of AGPs and arabinoxylan in the wall began at 7 and 8 DAP, respectively. For arabinoxylans, there is a possibility that they are deposited earlier in a highly substituted form that is inaccessible to the antibody. Arabinoxylan and heteromannan were also detected in Golgi and associated vesicles in the cytoplasm. In contrast, (1→3,1→4)-β-d-glucan was not detected in the cytoplasm in endosperm cells; similar results were obtained for coleoptile and suspension cultured cells.Sarah M. Wilson, Rachel A. Burton, Monika S. Doblin, Bruce A. Stone, Edward J. Newbigin, Geoffrey B. Fincher and Antony Baci