Can physiological endpoints improve the sensitivity of assays with plants in the risk assessment of contaminated soils?

Site-specific risk assessment of contaminated areas indicates prior areas for intervention, and provides helpful information for risk managers. This study was conducted in the Ervedosa mine area (Bragança, Portugal), where both underground and open pit exploration of tin and arsenic minerals were performed for about one century (1857-1969). We aimed at obtaining ecotoxicological information with terrestrial and aquatic plant species to integrate in the risk assessment of this mine area. Further we also intended to evaluate if the assessment of other parameters, in standard assays with terrestrial plants, can improve the identification of phytotoxic soils. For this purpose, soil samples were collected on 16 sampling sites distributed along four transects, defined within the mine area, and in one reference site. General soil physical and chemical parameters, total and extractable metal contents were analyzed. Assays were performed for soil elutriates and for the whole soil matrix following standard guidelines for growth inhibition assay with Lemna minor and emergence and seedling growth assay with Zea mays. At the end of the Z. mays assay, relative water content, membrane permeability, leaf area, content of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids), malondialdehyde levels, proline content, and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm and ΦPSII) parameters were evaluated. In general, the soils near the exploration area revealed high levels of Al, Mn, Fe and Cu. Almost all the soils from transepts C, D and F presented total concentrations of arsenic well above soils screening benchmark values available. Elutriates of several soils from sampling sites near the exploration and ore treatment areas were toxic to L. minor, suggesting that the retention function of these soils was seriously compromised. In Z. mays assay, plant performance parameters (other than those recommended by standard protocols), allowed the identification of more phytotoxic soils. The results suggest that these parameters could improve the sensitivity of the standard assays

Evolução histórica das bulas de medicamentos no Brasil Historical evolution of package inserts in Brazil

No Brasil, a bula é usada como fonte de informação sobre medicamentos. O estudo desenvolveu uma análise de sua evolução histórica, procurando observar a influência do desenvolvimento científico, da globalização da informação e das diferentes políticas de saúde. Procedeu-se uma revisão retrospectiva da legislação sanitária brasileira até 1920, ano da instituição do Departamento Nacional de Saúde Pública. A análise documental sobre a evolução da regulamentação sanitária no Brasil se iniciou pela Coleção Farmácia Brasileira - Portarias Sanitárias. Na segunda etapa as normas foram pesquisadas nos portais: VISALEGIS - Legislação em Vigilância Sanitária, Portal de Legislação do Sistema de Informações do Congresso Nacional e Sistema de Legislação da Saúde - Saúde Legis. A bula tornou-se um importante veículo informativo no Brasil, passou por profundas transformações regulamentares na segunda metade do século XX. Entre 1946 e 2006 o número de itens obrigatórios aumentou e sua descrição aprofundou. Entretanto, a padronização da informação para os medicamentos com o mesmo princípio ativo não se efetivou, não obstante sua importância e apesar das diferentes iniciativas observadas nas normas legais.<br>In Brazil, package inserts provide key information on pharmaceuticals. The current study analyzes the evolution of package inserts and the impact on this process by scientific research and development, globalization of information, and various health policies. The study began with a retrospective review of Brazilian health legislation until 1920, the year when the National Public Health Department was created. The analysis of documents on the evolution of health regulation in Brazil began with the Brazilian Pharmaceutical Collection - Health Rulings. The second stage of the study involved a search of standards and norms in VISALEGIS: Health Surveillance Legislation, Portal for Legislation from the National Congressional Information System and the Health Legislation System. Package inserts became an important vehicle for information in the country and underwent important regulatory changes in the latter half of the 20th century. From 1946 to 2006, the number of mandatory items increased, with more in-depth description. However, the standardization of information for medicines with the same active ingredient failed to materialize, despite its importance and the various legal initiatives in this direction