The Extraction of Knowledge Factors of Teachers for Physical Computing Education

In informatics, physical computing focuses on interactions to realize the real world as a computing system. From 2018, how to teach the physical computing in informatics as a mandatory subject is important. The purpose of this study is to analyze the problems in the physical computing education recognized by secondary school informatics teachers and to provide implications for effective programming education. First, we extracted related keywords of physical computing in the 2015 revised informatics curriculum and science curriculum. Second, extracted keywords are classified into hardware and programming. Third, we developed a questionnaire item suitable for classification keywords. Finally, web surveys were conducted and analyzed for in-service and pre-service secondary school informatics teachers. As a result of the research, it was confirmed that the informatics teachers recognized that physical computing education was helpful for programming education. However, a large proportion of the member's lack of training time and receive appropriate education and training programs, hardware, reduced the level of knowledge about the physical computing element content

CONTRIBUTION OF THE KNEE JOINT TO MECHANICAL ENERGY IN CROUCHING START ACCORDING TO THE BACKWARD BLOCK INCLINED ANGLE INCREASE

The purpose of this study was to analyze the contribution of the knee joint to mechanical energy in crouching start according to the backward block inclined angle increase(F, F1, F2). Using kinetic and kinematic data from 3 university sprinters participating in this study we calculated the energies absorbed and generated by the knee joints. The analysis is limited to a two-dimensional (sagittal plane) exercise. Comparing mean values of the energy absorbed and generated from lower extremity joints of each subjects according to backward block inclined angle increase (F, F1, F2). We generate a ratio of a total energy absorbed and generated from lower extremities to one from knee joints. The generated energy of knee joints during start was the highest for all subjects and the absorbed energy of those was the lowest at 55 degree of backward block angle, or F, for subject 1, 50 degree for subject 2, and 50 degree for subject 3

catena-Poly[[bis­(dimethyl­ammonium) [cadmate(II)-bis­(μ-1,1′:4′,1′′-terphenyl-3,3′′-dicarboxyl­ato)]] dimethyl­formamide disolvate]

In the title compound, {(C2H8N)2[Cd(C20H12O4)2]·2C3H7NO}n, the CdII ion lies on a twofold rotation axis and is in a distorted octa­hedral CdO6 environment, defined by four O atoms of two μ2-coordinated 1,1′:4′,1′′-terphenyl-3,3′′-dicarboxyl­ate (DCT) ligands and two O atoms of two μ1-coordinated DCT ligands. Both types of DCT ligands act as bridging, forming a one-dimensional polymeric structure propagating parallel to [10]

Southern Hemisphere mid- and high-latitudinal AOD, CO, NO2, and HCHO: spatiotemporal patterns revealed by satellite observations

To assess air pollution emitted in Southern Hemisphere mid-latitudes and transported to Antarctica, we investigate the climatological mean and temporal trends in aerosol optical depth (AOD), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and formaldehyde (HCHO) columns using satellite observations. Generally, all these measurements exhibit sharp peaks over and near the three nearby inhabited continents: South America, Africa, and Australia. This pattern indicates the large emission effect of anthropogenic activities and biomass burning processes. High AOD is also found over the Southern Atlantic Ocean, probably because of the sea salt production driven by strong winds. Since the pristine Antarctic atmosphere can be polluted by transport of air pollutants from the mid-latitudes, we analyze the 10-day back trajectories that arrive at Antarctic ground stations in consideration of the spatial distribution of mid-latitudinal AOD, CO, NO2, and HCHO. We find that the influence of mid-latitudinal emission differs across Antarctic regions: western Antarctic regions show relatively more back trajectories from the mid-latitudes, while the eastern Antarctic regions do not show large intrusions of mid-latitudinal air masses. Finally, we estimate the long-term trends in AOD, CO, NO2, and HCHO during the past decade (2005-2016). While CO shows a significant negative trend, the others show overall positive trends. Seasonal and regional differences in trends are also discussed

Pattern of distant recurrence according to the molecular subtypes in Korean women with breast cancer

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Distant recurrence is one of the most important risk factors in overall survival, and distant recurrence is related to a complex biologic interaction of seed and soil factors. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between the molecular subtypes and patterns of distant recurrence in patients with breast cancer.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In an investigation of 313 women with breast cancer who underwent surgery from 1994 and 2000, the expressions of estrogen and progestrone receptor (ER/PR), and human epithelial receptor-2 (HER2) were evaluated. The subtypes were defined as luminal-A, luminal-HER2, HER2-enriched, and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) according to ER, PR, and HER2 status.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Bone was the most common site of distant recurrence. The incidence of first distant recurrence site was significantly different among the subtypes. Brain metastasis was more frequent in the luminal-HER2 and TNBC subtypes. In subgroup analysis, overall survival in patients with distant recurrence after 24 months after surgery was significantly different among the subtypes.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Organ-specific metastasis may depend on the molecular subtype of breast cancer. Tailored strategies against distant metastasis concerning the molecular subtypes in breast cancer may be considered.</p

Incidental thyroid lesions detected by FDG-PET/CT: prevalence and risk of thyroid cancer

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Incidentally found thyroid lesions are frequently detected in patients undergoing FDG-PET/CT. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of incidentally found thyroid lesions in patients undergoing FDG-PET/CT and determine the risk for thyroid cancer.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>FDG-PET/CT was performed on 3,379 patients for evaluation of suspected or known cancer or cancer screening without any history of thyroid cancer between November 2003 and December 2005. Medical records related to the FDG-PET/CT findings including maximum SUV(SUV_max) and pattern of FDG uptake, US findings, FNA, histopathology received by operation were reviewed retrospectively.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Two hundred eighty five patients (8.4%) were identified to have FDG uptake on FDG-PET/CT. 99 patients with focal or diffuse FDG uptake underwent further evaluation. The cancer risk of incidentally found thyroid lesions on FDG-PET/CT was 23.2% (22/99) and the cancer risks associated with focal and diffuse FDG uptake were 30.9% and 6.4%. There was a significant difference in the SUV_maxbetween the benign and malignant nodules (3.35 ± 1.69 vs. 6.64 ± 4.12; P < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between the SUV_maxand the size of the cancer.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The results of this study suggest that incidentally found thyroid lesions by FDG-PET/CT, especially a focal FDG uptake and a high SUV, have a high risk of thyroid malignancy. Further diagnostic work-up is needed in these cases.</p

Induction of the Cytochrome P450 Gene CYP26 during Mucous Cell Differentiation of Normal Human Tracheobronchial Epithelial Cells

ABSTRACT In this study, the expression of CYP26 is examined in relation to retinoid-induced mucosecretory differentiation in human tracheobronchial epithelial (HTBE) cells and compared with that in human lung carcinoma cell lines. In HTBE cells, retinoic acid (RA) inhibits squamous differentiation and induces mucous cell differentiation as indicated by the suppression of transglutaminase I and increased expression of the mucin gene MUC2. The latter is accompanied by increased expression of CYP26 mRNA. RA is required but not sufficient to induce RAR␤, CYP26, and MUC2 mRNA because induction is only observed in confluent but not in logarithmic cultures, suggesting that additional factors are critical in their regulation. CYP26 mRNA can be induced by the RAR-selective retinoid 4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-anthracenyl)-benzoic acid (TTAB) but not by the RXR-selective retinoid SR11217 or the antiactivator-protein 1-selective retinoid SR11302. RAR␣-, ␤-, and ␥-selective retinoids are able to induce CYP26; this induction is inhibited by the RAR␣-selective antagonist Ro41-5253. TTAB is able to induce CYP26 mRNA expression in only a few of the lung carcinoma cell lines tested. The lack of CYP26 induction in many carcinoma cell lines may relate to previously reported defects in the retinoid-signaling pathway. The induction of CYP26 correlated with increased metabolism of RA into 18-hydroxy-, 4-oxo-, and 4-hydroxy-RA. The latter metabolite was shown to be able to induce MUC2 and MUC5AC expression in HTBE cells. Our results demonstrate that in normal HTBE cells, CYP26 expression is closely associated with mucous cell differentiation and that many lung carcinoma cells exhibit increased RA metabolism and a defective regulation of CYP26