Gyration radius of a circular polymer under a topological constraint with excluded volume

It is nontrivial whether the average size of a ring polymer should become smaller or larger under a topological constraint. Making use of some knot invariants, we evaluate numerically the mean square radius of gyration for ring polymers having a fixed knot type, where the ring polymers are given by self-avoiding polygons consisting of freely-jointed hard cylinders. We obtain plots of the gyration radius versus the number of polygonal nodes for the trivial, trefoil and figure-eight knots. We discuss possible asymptotic behaviors of the gyration radius under the topological constraint. In the asymptotic limit, the size of a ring polymer with a given knot is larger than that of no topological constraint when the polymer is thin, and the effective expansion becomes weak when the polymer is thick enough.Comment: 12pages,3figure

Household sector innovation in China: Impacts of income and motivation

This research note reports upon the first survey of household sector innovation in China. Compared to previous survey studies we add two first-of-kind variables and related findings. First, we include data on individual income, a resource-related antecedent of household sector innovation. We find that higher individual incomes are strongly associated with increased frequency of both household sector innovation and innovation diffusion. When we combine personal income effects with the positive impact of educational levels and technical training (both competence-related antecedents), it appears that increases in national development are associated with increases in household sector innovation - a very useful public policy finding. Second, in this survey we included household sector innovations motivated by personal need and additional motivations related to learning, fun, helping others and selling/commercialization. This has a major impact on estimated household sector innovation frequencies - raising them by a factor of approximately 1.4. Reanalysis of data obtained in two earlier national surveys suggests that similar adjustment factors hold in those nations too. This finding shows that prior surveys have significantly underestimated household innovation. For many research purposes, such as national accounting, the total amount and value of household sector innovation is what is of interest, independent of motivations that may drive the activity

Gas-phase thermometry in a high-pressure cell using BaMgAl10O17 : Eu as a thermographic phosphor

We demonstrate the feasibility of laser-induced phosphorescence thermography for gas-phase temperature field measurement in a high-pressure cell. BaMgAl10O17:Eu (BAM) was used as a thermographic phosphor; it shows a blue-shifted laser-induced emission spectrum with increasing temperature. Local temperature was determined from the intensity ratio of two disjunctive emission bands. A new seeding device was developed to suspend the solid thermographic phosphor particles in a gas environment. The particle suspension time was modeled and validated by experiments. The influence of multiple scattering and other aspects of quantitative measurement were examined. The technique is currently capable of measuring up to 650 K, limited by signal intensity. The 2D temperature distributions were measured with a precision better than 60 K at 650 K. Multiple scattering limits the spatial resolution to only about 10 mm along the line of sight

Gas-phase thermometry in a high-pressure cell using BaMgAl10O17 : Eu as a thermographic phosphor

We demonstrate the feasibility of laser-induced phosphorescence thermography for gas-phase temperature field measurement in a high-pressure cell. BaMgAl10O17:Eu (BAM) was used as a thermographic phosphor; it shows a blue-shifted laser-induced emission spectrum with increasing temperature. Local temperature was determined from the intensity ratio of two disjunctive emission bands. A new seeding device was developed to suspend the solid thermographic phosphor particles in a gas environment. The particle suspension time was modeled and validated by experiments. The influence of multiple scattering and other aspects of quantitative measurement were examined. The technique is currently capable of measuring up to 650 K, limited by signal intensity. The 2D temperature distributions were measured with a precision better than 60 K at 650 K. Multiple scattering limits the spatial resolution to only about 10 mm along the line of sight

Household sector innovation in China: Impacts of income and motivation

This research note reports upon the first survey of household sector innovation in China. Compared to previous survey studies we add two first-of-kind variables and related findings. First, we include data on individual income, a resource-related antecedent of household sector innovation. We find that higher individual incomes are strongly associated with increased frequency of both household sector innovation and innovation diffusion. When we combine personal income effects with the positive impact of educational levels and technical training (both competence-related antecedents), it appears that increases in national development are associated with increases in household sector innovation - a very useful public policy finding. Second, in this survey we included household sector innovations motivated by personal need and additional motivations related to learning, fun, helping others and selling/commercialization. This has a major impact on estimated household sector innovation frequencies - raising them by a factor of approximately 1.4. Reanalysis of data obtained in two earlier national surveys suggests that similar adjustment factors hold in those nations too. This finding shows that prior surveys have significantly underestimated household innovation. For many research purposes, such as national accounting, the total amount and value of household sector innovation is what is of interest, independent of motivations that may drive the activity