Mechanisms for the production of harmonics in free electron lasers

Harmonics in the radiation of a free electron laser are useful for extending the range of tuning, may originate in spontaneous or parametric processes, and can take part in stimulated emission or amplification. These mechanisms exhibit interesting analogies with those of nonlinear optics. Apart from the well known nonparametric gain analogous to stimulated Brillouin scattering, they include third-harmonic generation and other four-wave mixing parametric processes, with spatial harmonics of the electron density taking the place of the higher-order terms in the nonlinear dielectric susceptibility. We investigate these mechanisms using a one-dimensional model

Exchanging information with the public: From one-stop shops to community information systems

There is growing interest in new ways in which states interact with citizens, and public services respond to their customers. This interest stems from many sources and has arisen in many different contexts. What these agendas have in common, however, is that they are all predicated on new flows of information between government and citizens that may be facilitated by the innovative application of information and communication technologies (ICTs). This article reports on current research into these innovative developments in English local government, from which it is possible to develop a more systematic, empirically-based understanding of the impact of new ICTs on local political and economic development

Achievements and Challenges in Improving Temperate perennail Forage legumes

International audienceThe expected move towards more sustainable crop-livestock systems implies wider cultivation of perennial forage legumes. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa subsp. sativa) is the main perennial legume in most temperate regions, especially where farm systems rely largely on forage conservation. White clover (Trifolium repens) and red clover (Trifolium pratense) are dominant in specific regions and farm systems. Although breeding progress for disease and insect resistance has been achieved, these crops have shown lower rates of genetic gain for yield than major grain crops, owing to lower breeding investment, longer selection cycles, impossibility to capitalize on harvest index, outbreeding mating systems associated with severe inbreeding depression, and high interaction of genotypes with cropping conditions and crop utilizations. Increasing yield, persistence, adaptation to stressful conditions (drought; salinity; grazing) and compatibility with companion grasses are major breeding targets. We expect genetic gain for yield and other complex traits to accelerate due to progress in genetic resource utilization, genomics resource development, integration of marker-assisted selection with breeding strategies, and trait engineering. The richness in adaptive genes of landraces and natural populations can be fully exploited through an ecological understanding of plant adaptive responses and improved breeding strategies. Useful genetic variation from secondary and tertiary gene pools of Medicago and Trifolium is being increasingly accessed. Genome sequencing projects in alfalfa and white clover will enrich physical, linkage and trait maps. Genome sequences will underpin fine mapping of useful loci and subsequent allele mining, leveraging the synteny of these crops with M. truncatula. Low-cost genome-wide markers generated through genotyping-by-sequencing will make genomic selection for adaptation and forage yield possible for these crops. Genetic markers will also be used for dissecting quantitative traits and developing toolboxes of functional markers for stress tolerance and other traits. Under current regulatory policies, transgenic approaches are likely to be limited to a few breakthrough traits. The key challenge for future applications of genomics technologies is their seamless integration with breeding system logistics and breeding schemes