Electrochemical synthesis of self-organized TiO2 nanotubular structures using an ionic liquid (BMIM-BF4)

We show that an ionic liquid consisting of imidazolium salt with a BF4 counter ion (BMIM-BF4) can directly be used to grow well-defined layers of self-organized TiO2 nanotubes. For this a Ti metal substrate is anodized in this electrolyte for potential range between 3 V-Ag/AgCl and 10 V-Ag/AgCl without addition of free fluoride species (fluorides are used in all previous tube growth procedures). Key factors that influence the morphology and geometry of the resulting nanotubular layer are the anodic potential, the anodization time and particularly the water content in the ionic liquid. The resulting nanotubes layers have thickness in the range of approximately 300-650 nm; with individual tubes that have diameters between 27 nm and 43 nm

Ion implantation and annealing for an efficient N-doping of TiO2 nanotubes

Self-organized anodic titaniananotube layers were doped with nitrogen successfully using ion implantation. Photoelectrochemical measurements combined with XRD measurements show that the damage created by ion bombardment ( that leads to a drastic decrease of the photoconversion efficiency) can be "annealed out" by an adequate heat treatment. This results in a N-doped crystalline anatase nanotube structure with strongly enhanced photocurrent response in both the UV and the visible range