12 research outputs found
Citizen Desires, Policy Outcomes, and Community Control
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68810/2/10.1177_107808747200800107.pd
PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION VERSUS PROGRAM DESIGN: WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR POLICY "FAILURE"?
Many influential implementation scholars now argue that "street-level" bureaucrats, rather than legislators or high-level administrators, make public policy in the U.S. Such authors as Pressman and Wildavsky cite creaming in employment and training programs as an especially clear example of well-meaning programs that fail when implemented. This paper argues that two of the most significant and lasting of these programs, the U.S. Employment Service and the Manpower Development and Training Act, were designed to encourage creaming. The essay asserts implementation scholars overstate the disconnection between program design and program implementation because they assume there is little disconnection between program legitimation and program design. A better conception of design permits one to perceive that these programs were legitimated on the grounds they would serve a large number of constituents, but were designed to do so by serving employers. The combination of these premises made creaming an imperative of program operation, and the implementors who cream remain faith ful to original program strategy. This finding suggests a redirection of policy research toward a more rlgorous analysis of program design and a better understanding of the relationship between legitimation, design, and implementation. Copyright 1984 by The Policy Studies Organization.
Value solidity in government and business: Results of an empirical study on public and private sector organizational values
This article reports on a survey study of 382 managers from a variety of public and private sector organizations, on the values that guide sectoral decision making. Just as some important classical differences emerge, a number of similarities between the public and private sector appear to result in a set of common core organizational values. Furthermore, the data support neither increasing adoption of business values in public sector organizations nor flirtation with public values by business sector managers. This contradicts expectations in the literature on new public management and corporate social responsibility, suggesting public-private value intermixing. Value solidity seems the dominant feature in both sectors. Additional analysis shows that "publicness," the extent to which an organization belongs to the public or the private sector- rather than age, gender, years of service or a past in the other sector-strongly determines value preferences. © 2008 Sage Publications
Sociología política de las elites. Apuntes sobre su abordaje a través de entrevistas
El presente artículo reflexiona sobre los principales desafíos y potencialidades del abordaje histórico y cualitativo de las elites políticas, en particular a partir del trabajo con entrevistas en profundidad. Se identifican algunos interrogantes para los cuales esta metodología resulta particularmente pertinente y se reconstruyen los principales desafíos del trabajo de campo con los sectores dirigentes. Partimos para ello de una investigación sobre las elites del Ministerio del Interior en Argentina desde la vuelta de la democracia en la que triangulamos distintos tipos de fuentes: entrevistas en profundidad, archivos, normativa, material de prensa y bibliografía especializada. Lejos de dar por sentada la eficacia de las entrevistas en términos generales y abstractos, se revisan los alcances y límites de esta fuente de indagación para reconstruir la socialización política, las trayectorias y las prácticas de las elites políticas. Asimismo, se reconstruyen algunos de los principales obstáculos recurrentes en el trabajo de campo -relacionados con la accesibilidad, la temporalidad y la presencia de discursos "oficiales" o prefabricados- y los modos de superarlos. En particular, argumentamos que dicha estrategia metodológica es fecunda para: a) rastrear entradas en política y reconstruir trayectorias de los agentes de forma densa y contextualizada; b) identificar saberes valorados, códigos compartidos y fronteras simbólicas que tienen efectos sobre el campo político; y c) reconstruir prácticas, decisiones y dilemas ante la imposibilidad de "seguir a los actores". En ese sentido, este artículo dialoga a la vez con la bibliografía sobre metodologías cualitativas y con aquella especializada en elites políticas. Procura, por un lado, proveer pistas y recursos a los investigadores que trabajan con entrevistas; y, por el otro, recordar que las elites dirigentes "importan" y no son intercambiables, que no responden a una racionalidad universal y descarnada sino que sus lógicas de acción son complejas e históricamente situadas