Kaluza-Klein Type Robertson Walker Cosmological Model With Dynamical Cosmological Term Λ\Lambda

In this paper we have analyzed the Kaluza-Klein type Robertson Walker (RW) cosmological models by considering three different forms of variable $\Lambda$: $\Lambda\sim(\frac{\dot{a}}{a})^2$,$\Lambda\sim(\frac{\ddot{a}} {a})$ and $\Lambda \sim \rho$. It is found that, the connecting free parameters of the models with cosmic matter and vacuum energy density parameters are equivalent, in the context of higher dimensional space time. The expression for the look back time, luminosity distance and angular diameter distance are also derived. This work has thus generalized to higher dimensions the well-known results in four dimensional space time. It is found that there may be significant difference in principle at least, from the analogous situation in four dimensional space time.Comment: 16 pages, no figur

Identifying critically ill children at risk of dying during hospital admission in Malawi: prognostic accuracy of a modified qSOFA score for low-resource settings

BACKGROUND AND AIM: In low-resource settings, a reliable bedside score to identify children at risk of dying could help focus resources and improve survival. The rapid bedside Liverpool quick sequential organ failure assessment (LqSOFA) uses clinical parameters only and performed well in the UK, but has not been validated in a low-resource setting. METHOD: In a cohort of critically ill children in Malawi, we calculated LqSOFA-scores using age-adjusted heart rate and respiratory rate, capillary refill time and Blantyre Coma Scale and evaluated its prognostic performance for mortality. An improved score, the Blantyre qSOFA (BqSOFA), was developed (omitting heart rate, adjusting respiratory rate cut-off values and adding pallor), subsequently validated in a second cohort of Malawian children, and compared with an existing more complex score (FEAST-PET). Prognostic performance for mortality was evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS: Mortality was 15.4% in the derivation (n=493) and 22.0% in the validation cohort (n=377). In the derivation cohort, discriminative ability (AUC) of the LqSOFA to predict mortality was 0.68 (95%-CI: 0.60-0.76). The BqSOFA and FEAST-PET yielded AUCs of 0.84 (95%-CI: 0.79-0.89) and 0.83 (95%-CI: 0.77-0.89) in the derivation cohort, and 0.74 (95%-CI: 0.68-0.79) and 0.76 (95%-CI: 0.70-0.82) in the validation cohort, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a simple prognostic score for Malawian children based on four clinical parameters which performed as well as more complex scores. The BqSOFA might be used to promptly identify critically ill children at risk of dying and prioritize hospital care in low-resource settings

Fotointerpretação comparativa de fotografias pancromáticas coloridas e infravermelhas coloridas através da drenagem

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar quantitativamente as informações obtidas por diferentes tipos de fotografias. Os estudos basearam-se em fotografias pancromáticas, coloridas e infravermelhas coloridas de uma área teste localizada no município de Campinas - SP. A cobertura fotográfica denominada Missão 96 resultou da colaboração científica entre INPE - Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration e IAC - Instituto Agronômico do Estado de São Paulo. A rede de drenagem foi o elemento de comparação tendo sido estudados dois parâmetros: número de segmentos de rios e comprimentos de rios. A rede de drenagem foi estudada em monoscopia e em estereoscopia, onde as medições foram efetuadas em amostras circulares de 10 km² (parcelas), sendo que o delineamento experimental foi o de parcelas inteiramente casualizadas. Os dados obtidos foram utilizados para avaliar a eficiência de cada tipo de fotografia, para; os parâmetros considerados. Para as condições estudadas, obteve-se as seguintes conclusões principais: a) a fotografia infravermelha forneceu maior número de informações comparativamente às fotografias pancromáticas e coloridas, as quais ofereceram resultados semelhantes; b) os resultados obtidos pela análise monoscópica da fotografia infravermelha foram semelhantes aos resultados obtidos pela análise estereoscópica da fotografia pancromática, o que pode facilitar bastante o processo fotointerpretativo.The present work had as its main aim a quantitative evaluation of information obtained through different types of photographs. The studies were based on panchromatic, color and color infrared photographs of a test area located in the municipality of Campinas - SP. The photographic flight was carried on by means of a scientific cooperation of INPE - Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration and IAC - Instituto Agronômico do Estado de São Paulo and was known Mission 96. The drainage was the parameter analysed, and were measured the quantity and lenght of channels. The drainage network was studied monoscopically and stereoseopically, and the measurements were made in circular samples 10 km², randomily orientated. The obtained data were used to evaluate the efficiency of every of photograph, for the studied variables. on the basis of the present study, the quantitative analysis led to the following main conclusions: a) Color infrared photography was the best in the study of the drainage network quantitative characteristics, comparatively to panchromatic and color photographs; b) The results obtained in studying drainage through the monoseopic study of infrared color photography were similar to the results of stereoscopic analysis of the panchromatic photography, wich would present a better readiness in the photointerpretation process