Unidirectional splitting and uniting of rays in the cambium of Platanus accompanying the formation of interlocked grain in wood

Developmental changes in the cambium producing interlocked grain wood of Platanus, were determined by an analysis of successive late xylem layers (TLX) at the borders of the annual rings. Intensive splitting and uniting of rays were observed. These occured by intrusion of fusiform cells into the rays and by loss of the fusiform initials which formed the strands separating the rays, respectively. Uniting of rays was unidirectional within the large areas of cambium (domain), so was the splitting, too. There were domains of Z and S-type. Orientation of splitting and uniting of rays at a particular locality of the cambium was reversed at irregular time intervals. It appears that the reason for these reversals was slow movement of domain pattern. The occurrence of alternating Z and S domains brought about the alternation of the grain inclination from right to left and back again in the interlocked-grained wood

Movement of the cambial domain pattern and mechanism of formation of interlocked grain in Platanus

The orientation of splitting and uniting of rays, which served as an indicator of the orientation of morphogenic events occurring in cambium, was determined on series of veneers covering large tangential faces of Platanus trunks. It has been shown that cambium consists of orientational domains of Z- and S-type. They are perpendicular to, or slightly inclined with respect to, the trunk axis. Axial dimensions of domains are 8-28 cm. They move upward along the trunk, at a rate 6,5—12 mm, per radial mm of xylem porduced. Migration domain patterns are responsible for the formation of the interlocked grain

Domain pattern in the cambium of young Platanus stems

In the vascular cambium of Platanus Z and S domains appear in the course of formation of the first annual ring. Their arrangement is connected with the division of the stem into nodes and internodes. In each node a domain of Z and of S type occurs. The longitudinal boundaries between them run along the middle leaf trace and on its opposite side, and the transverse boundaries lie in the nodes. Z-type domains are found on the right below the base of the nearest upper leaf, and S-type domains on the left. As the young cambium forms further rings, the size and shape of the domains changes

Dracaena RUSCACEAE

A diagnostic description of the genus is given with special emphasis on the occurrence of succulence amongst its species. The geographical distribution is outlined, together with a selection of important literature, and an explanation of the etymology of the name. This is followed by a short summary of its position in the phylogeny of the family and of the past and present classification in a phylogenetic context. The succulent features present amongst the species of the genus are shortly explained as to morphology and anatomy. This is followed by a synoptical treatment of the succulent species of the genus, complete with typification details, full synonymy, geographical and ecological data, a diagnostic description, and, where applicable, notes on phylogenetic placement and relationships, as well as economic and/or horticultural importance

Assessment of sociodemographic and nutritional status of lung cancer patients

Niski status socjodemograficzny wynikający m.in. z gorszych warunków socjalno-bytowych, a także z palenia tytoniu może zwiększać ryzyko wystąpienia raka płuca. Stan odżywienia, oceniany podczas diagnozowania choroby, jest przydatnym czynnikiem prognozującym odpowiedź chorego na leczenie, a ponadto znacząco wpływa na jakość, jak również na długość życia po zakończeniu terapii onkologicznej. Celem badań była ocena statusu socjodemograficznego oraz stanu odżywienia pacjentów Dolnośląskiego Centrum Chorób Płuc, u których zdiagnozowano raka płuca. Badaniami objęto grupę 81 pacjentów i grupę kontrolną liczącą 125 osób. Wśród wszystkich badanych przeprowadzono wywiad dotyczący statusu socjodemograficznego, a także dokonano oceny stanu odżywienia za pomocą pomiarów antropometrycznych i ankiety Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). U chorych, w odniesieniu do zdrowych, stwierdzono niższy poziom wykształcenia, częstsze uzależnienie od tytoniu, a także niższą aktywność zawodową. Stan odżywienia chorych na raka płuca był istotnie gorszy niż grupy kontrolnej, co zostało wykazane głównie za pomocą ankiety MNA i pomiaru obwodu ramienia. Częste występowanie ryzyka niedożywienia bądź niedożywienie u badanych chorych może zwiększyć prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia powikłań w trakcie leczenia.Low sociodemographic status positively correlates with the risk of lung cancer. Nutritional status assessed during diagnosis of cancer may be a useful predictive factor for response to therapy and influences the quality of life and life expectancy after oncological therapy. The aim of this study was to assess the sociodemographic and nutritional status of patients Lower Silesian Centre of Lung Diseases, diagnosed with lung cancer. 81 cases and 125 subjects formed the control group were included in this study. The questionnaire about sociodemographic status was performed among all respondents as well as MNA questionnaire and anthropometric measurements for evaluating nutritional status. Lower level of education, lower employment status and more frequent tobacco addiction was found in patient group then in control individuals. Nutritional status of patients was worse than the control group, which has been demonstrated mainly through a MNA questionnaire and arm circumference measurements. The risk of malnutrition or diagnosed malnutrition found in most patients assessed by MNA test may increase the likelihood of complications during treatment