Origin of Mass. Mass and Mass-Energy Equation from Classical-Mechanics Solution

We establish the classical wave equation for a particle formed of a massless oscillatory elementary charge generally also traveling, and the resulting electromagnetic waves, of a generally Doppler-effected angular frequency \w, in the vacuum in three dimensions. We obtain from the solutions the total energy of the particle wave to be \eng=\hbarc\w, 2\pi \hbarc being a function expressed in wave-medium parameters and identifiable as the Planck constant. In respect to the train of the waves as a whole traveling at the finite velocity of light $c$, \eng=mc^2 represents thereby the translational kinetic energy of the wavetrain, m=\hbarc\w/c^2 being its inertial mass and thereby the inertial mass of the particle. Based on the solutions we also write down a set of semi-empirical equations for the particle's de Broglie wave parameters. From the standpoint of overall modern experimental indications we comment on the origin of mass implied by the solution.Comment: 13 pages, no figure. Augmented introductio

Scattering of coherent states on a single artificial atom

In this work we theoretically analyze a circuit QED design where propagating quantum microwaves interact with a single artificial atom, a single Cooper pair box. In particular, we derive a master equation in the so-called transmon regime, including coherent drives. Inspired by recent experiments, we then apply the master equation to describe the dynamics in both a two-level and a three-level approximation of the atom. In the two-level case, we also discuss how to measure photon antibunching in the reflected field and how it is affected by finite temperature and finite detection bandwidth.Comment: 18 pages, 7 figure

Importance of the direct knockout mechanism in relativistic calculations for (gamma, p) reactions

Results of relativistic calculations of the direct knockout (DKO) mechanism for the photon induced removal of a proton from a target nucleus over a wide range of energies and nuclei are presented. Spectroscopic factors used in the calculations are fixed from consistent analyses of the quasifree electron scattering process (e,e'p). The results indicate that within the uncertainties of the model, the knockout contributions are generally close to the experimental data for missing momenta below approximately 500 MeV/c. This is in disagreement with nonrelativistic analyses which often find that the direct knockout contribution can be quite small compared to the data and that meson exchange corrections can be important. The present study suggests that meson exchange current contributions may not be as large when treated in a relativistic framework. We also point out some difficulties we encountered in analyzing the data for a 12C target at photon energies below 80 MeV.Comment: 25 pages, LaTeX with 8 postscript figure