Invariant measure in hot gauge theories

We investigate properties of the invariant measure for the $A_0$ gauge field in finite temperature gauge theories both on the lattice and in the continuum theory. We have found the cancellation of the naive measure in both cases. The result is quite general and holds at any finite temperature. We demonstrate, however, that there is no cancellation at any temperature for the invariant measure contribution understood as Z(N) symmetrical distribution of gauge field configurations. The spontaneous breakdown of Z(N) global symmetry is entirely due to the potential energy term of the gluonic interaction in the effective potential. The effects of this measure on the effective action, mechanism of confinement and $A_0$ condensation are discussed.Comment: Latex file, 65.5kB, no figure

Fathoming the kynurenine pathway in migraine: why understanding the enzymatic cascades is still critically important

Kynurenine pathway, the quantitatively main branch of tryptophan metabolism, has been long been considered a source of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, although several of its products, the so-called kynurenines, are endowed with the capacity to activate glutamate receptors, thus potentially influencing a large group of functions in the central nervous system (CNS). Migraine, a largely unknown pathology, is strictly related to the glutamate system in the CNS pathologic terms. Despite the large number of studies conducted on migraine etio-pathology, the kynurenine pathway has been only recently linked to this disease. Nonetheless, some evidence suggests an intriguing role for some kynurenines, and an exploratory study on the serum kynurenine level might be helpful to better understand possible alterations of the kynurenine pathway in patients suffering from migrain

OCTOBER 28, 1918. REWRITING OR OVERLAYERING OF CZECH HISTORICAL MEMORY?

October 28, 1918 is the Czech Republic state holiday whose historical memory is a combination of Czech, Czechoslovak, and Central European 20th century history. On this date in Prague, the Czechoslovak Republic was proclaimed, and its fi rst law was passed. Th e events in Prague were part of the complex and long-lasting fall of the Habsburg monarchy and the creation of its successor states, in which national, state-forming, and ideological (e.g. Bolshevist) aspects were interwoven. Accordingly, we can speak of Czech, Slovak, (Czecho)-German, Hungarian, Polish and Rusinian October 28s. As the only state holiday (with an interruption in the period of the Nazi occupation), it was intended to act as the chief connecting and uniting holiday for the CSR state identifi cation; it was to strengthen ‘Czechoslovakism’. Its annual celebrations were associated with a series of rituals not only for the Czechs themselves but, over time and to varying degrees, also for the other nationalities living in the CSR: primarily the Slovaks and the Rusinians were seen to truly accept the ceremonial day. Th e Nazi occupying power was successful only insofar as it forced October 28, 1918 into private crypto-commemoration, while naturally it was celebrated by the resistance movement. Th e Communist regime tried to ‘rewrite’ October 28 in the spirit of social revolution, treating it as the precursor of its political victory aft er 1945 and in particular aft er 1948. It was to be commemorated as the Nationalization Day (of key industries in 1945) in direct relation with the liberation of the CSR by the Soviet Army (alone!) in 1945. Finally, the Communists att empted to force it out of the collective memory through its offi cial non-observance as a remembrance of 1918, and by designating it, in 1975-1988, as a signifi cant, but still a working, day. However, the memory of the Establishment of the Republic refused to be suppressed, as was evidenced in a particularly strong manner in the demonstrations of 1968, 1988 and, crucially, of 1989. All att empts at ‘rewriting’ this holiday in the spirit of ideologies failed in the end, although during the 1938/39 to 1989/92 period spontaneous public celebrations were successfully repressed to a signifi cant degree by means of the political manipulation of Czech/Czechoslovak history

Politeness Strategies Used by Toba Batak Sellers in Samosir

This study deals with politeness strategies used by toba batak sellers in Samosir. The objectives of this study were (1) to describe the types of politeness strategies were used by Toba Batak sellers in Samosir, (2) to investigate the type of politeness strategy was mostly used describe the reasons, (3) to describethe roles of politeness to Toba Batak society, and (4) to describe the implication of politeness strategies. The data of this study were the language of conversation between Toba Batak sellers and their buyers. This study applied descriptive quantitative method. The findings show that there are four types of Politeness Strategies used by Toba Batak Sellers in Samosir, namely: Bald on record4 utterances (2.53%), Off record17 utterances (10.75%), Positivepoliteness 129 utterances (81.64%) and Negativepoliteness 8 utterances (5.06%). Positivepoliteness is the most dominant type of Politeness Strategies used by Toba Batak sellers in Samosir. Keyword :Politeness Strategies, Toba Batak Sellers, Samosir

Heavy quark potential and the phase transitions in the continuum theory at finite temperature

Heavy quark potential in the continuum theory at finite temperature is calculated in different phases by using the Polyakov loop as the order parameter. We find the linearly rising potential in the confinement phase, the Debye screened potential in the deconfinement phase and the perturbative $r^{-2}$ dependence at very high temperatures. Within the approximation used in this paper we report an evidence of the first order phase transition accompanied by the $SU(2)$ symmetry restoration at very high temperatures in the static three dimensional theory.Comment: 10 pages, RevTeX, 2 PostScript figures appende