Oxometalate-glass composites and thin films

New glass-composites with ion exchange properties have been developed. Ammonium 12-molybdophosphate (AMP) (ΝΗ4)3ΡΜοΐ2θ4ο, and ammonium 12-tungstophosphate (AWP) (Nh4)3PW12O40, known for their ion exchange capabilities, are included either in preformed aerogels with defined pore size, or are added to sol-gel mixtures during the process of gel formation. Characterization is carried out by FTIR, Raman and EXAFS spectroscopy. Ion exchange capacities for the oxometalate precursors are determined for silver and rubidium and are compared to those of the glass composites. Glass composites show high ion exchange capacity, but some portion of the metalate complexes leaches from the glass during the procedure. This is in contrast to thin composite films, which have almost no porosity and do not show loss of metalate. EXAFS spectroscopy demostrates that the oxometalate microstructure is maintained in glass composites and that rubidium ions after ion exchange in glasses occupy similar cation positions as in the precursor compounds

Intrazeolite assembly and pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile

Radical polymerization of acrylonitrile within the pores of zeolites Y and mordenite produces intrazeolite polyacrylonitrile that can be pyrolysed to form conducting carbon filaments

Subjectivity, Good Faith and the Expanded Chapter 13 Discharge

This article considers the good faith requirement in the confirmation of a Chapter 13 plan that seeks to discharge debts which would be nondischargeable in a Chapter 7 case. Part II of the article examines issues of discharge and dischargeability under American bankruptcy law, both in the historical development of bankruptcy law and under the Bankruptcy Code. Part III examines the good faith requirement applicable in Chapter 13 cases, both in the filing of the case under Section 1307(c) of the Bankruptcy Code and in presentation of the Chapter 13 plan under Section 1325(a). Part IV of the article examines the application of the good faith standard when a plan proposes to take advantage of Chapter 13\u27s superdischarge. This section explores the quid pro quo inherent in the superdischarge, and the ways in which questions of good faith expose bankruptcy law\u27s dependence on moral judgments and subjective assessments of debtors\u27 conduct and motivations. 3 Part V concludes that application of the quidpro quo, although characterized by subjective judgment, is consistent with the purposes underlying the superdischarge and fundamental bankruptcy polic

EXAFS study of nickel tetracarbonyl and nickel clusters in zeolite Y

Adsorption and thermal decomposition of Ni(CO)4 in the cage system of zeolite Y have been studied with EXAFS, electron microscopy and IR spectroscopy , Ni(CO)4 is adsorbed as an intact molecule in both cation - free zeolite Y and NaY. Symmetry changes of the molecule in NaY are assigned to the formation of Na—OC-IMi bridges. Thermal treatment of the Ni(CO)4/NaY adduct leads to loss of CO concomitant with the formation of a binodal Ni phase. A major part of the forms clusters with diameter between 0.5 and about 1.5 nm, in addition to larger crystallites (5-30 nm), sticking at the outer surface of the zeolite matrix., The Ni-Ni scattering amplitude indicates increasing average particle size with increasing temperature

The low-field conductivity of zeolite-encapsulated molecular wires

The first measurements of an upper bound for the low-field conductivity of a molecular wire are presented here. We were able to encapsulate polypyrrole with chain lengths more than 10 monomers within the channels of different zeolites. Although the chains are fully oxidized by intrazeolite Fe3 + ions, and should conduct (when included in a bulk polymer), they do not exhibit, in the zeolite, significant ac conductivity up to 1 GHz. This suggests that other strategies than low field conductivity are needed to inject charges and transmit information through isolated molecular wires