Carbon Xerogels: The Bespoke Nanoporous Carbons

This chapter focuses on the main features of resorcinol-formaldehyde–based carbon xerogels. The first part of the chapter discusses ways of synthesizing these materials and the different variables involved. Then a review of the ways in which the meso- and macroporosity of organic xerogels can be controlled by adjusting the synthesis conditions is undertaken. Special attention is paid to the pH and components of the precursor solution and how these variables are interrelated with each other. The formation of the microporosity during the carbonization or activation processes that give rise to the carbon xerogels is also briefly discussed. Besides the fact that the porosity of these materials can be tailored during the synthesis, another notable characteristic is that, compared with most porous carbons, they possess a relatively high electrical conductivity, which make them ideal materials for use as electrodes in energy storage devices. Their use in supercapacitors and in lithium ion batteries is addressed in the last part of the chapter

Production of H2-rich syngas from lignocellulosic biomass using microwave-assisted pyrolysis coupled with activated carbon enabled reforming

This study focuses on the use of a microwave reactor that combines biomass pyrolysis, at mild temperature, with catalytic reforming of the pyrolytic gas, using activated carbon, for generating hydrogen-rich synthesis gas. The traditional pyrolysis of biomass coupled with the reforming of its pyrolytic yields were also conducted using an electrically heated reactor. The bio-oil attained from conventional pyrolysis was higher in comparison to the yield from microwave pyrolysis. The reforming of the pyrolytic gas fraction led to reductions in bio-oil yield to <3.0 wt%, with a simultaneous increase in gaseous yields. An increase in the syngas and H2 selectivity was discovered with the reforming process such that the use of microwave pyrolysis with activated carbon reforming produced 85 vol% synthesis gas fraction containing 55 vol% H2 in comparison to the 74 vol% syngas fraction with 30 vol% H2 obtained without the reforming. Cracking reactions were improved with microwave heating, while deoxidation and dehydrogenation reactions were enhanced by activated carbon, which creates a reduction environment. Consequently, these reactions generated H2-rich syngas formation. The approach implemented in this study revealed higher H2, syngas yield and that the overall LHV of products has huge potential in the transformation of biomass into high-value synthesis gas

Tratamiento quirúrgico de la pseudoartrosis de la apófisis odontoides: Presentación de dos casos

Se presenta nuestra experiencia de dos casos de pseudoartrosis de apófisis odontoides tratadas quirúrgicamente mediante atornillado directo a compresión por vía anterior paraesternomocleidomastoidea. El resultado final fue satisfactorio en el primer caso, teniendo que realizarse una artrodesis posterior C1-C2 en el segundo. Se discute la posibilidad de un exceso de angulación posterioSe presenta nuestra experiencia de dos casos de pseudoartrosis de apófisis odontoides tratadas quirúrgicamente mediante atornillado directo a compresión por vía anterior paraesternomocleidomastoidea. El resultado final fue satisfactorio en el primer caso, teniendo que realizarse una artrodesis posterior C1-C2 en el segundo. Se discute la posibilidad de un exceso de angulación posterior en la colocación del tornillo como causa del fracaso de la técnica.en la colocación del tornillo como causa del fracaso de la técnica.Two cases of odontoid process non-union treated by direct screw compression through an anterior approach are presented. The outcome was satisfactory in one case. The other required posterior C1-C2 union because of anterior screwing failure. An excessive posterior angulation of the screw thought to be the cause of anterior fusion failure

La siringomielia como factor de riesgo en la cirugía vertebral: Utilidad de los potenciales evocados intraoperatorios en un caso

Toda intervención quirúrgica sobra la columna vertebral conlleva un riesgo de lesión medular. Éste se multiplica cuando existe una patología medular de base. En los últimos años, gracias a la aparición de la monitorización neurofisiológica intraoperatoria, las complicaciones neurológicas intraoperatorias han disminuido. En el siguiente artículo, exponemos un caso de escoliosis secundaria a sirigomielia, en el que gracias al uso de potenciales evocados durante la cirugía, se han podido evitar lesiones neurológica irreversibles.Surgical correction of spinal deformities entails a risk of medullary dramage, and this can be higher when medullar pathology is associated. In last years, intraoperative neurological complications have decreased thanks to the intraoperative monitoring of neurophysiological parameters. In this work, we review a patient with scoliosis secondary to syringomyelia. The use of somatosensory evoked potentials during surgery allowed avoiding irreversible neurological complications

The role of conductive additives on the performance of hybrid carbon xerogels as electrodes in aqueous supercapacitors

Three different hybrid carbon xerogels containing Graphene Oxide (AXGO), Micronized Graphite (AXMG) and Carbon Black (AXCB) were synthesized using an easy, fast and affordable method. These three additives were initially selected to improve the electrical conductivity of the pristine activated carbon xerogel (AX) thus expecting to improve its performance in aqueous supercapacitors. Capacitances of the corresponding devices were measured as a function of current density and results of the high and low charge transfer regime of the supercapacitors were discussed separately. In both regimes, the differences observed between the hybrid electrodes were analyzed on the basis of the concurrent influence of the micro and mesoporosity, surface chemistry and electrical conductivity of the materials. Accordingly, even though all the hybrid carbon xerogels showed higher electrical conductivities, only AXGO rendered a better performance than AX, showing the highest capacitances in the whole interval of intensities studied. Consequently, at 16 A g−1, the energy and power densities of the AXGO supercapacitors increased up to 16% and 97%, respectively, with respect to AX, and of 143% and 409%, respectively, with respect to a commercial activated carbon used as reference. The performance of AXCB and, especially AXMG was worse than AX supercapacitors due to a combination of inadequate pore size distributions and/or a poor surface chemistry. Finally, TEM analysis helped to understand the different way the three additives were affecting the nanostructure (and final properties) of the hybrid carbon xerogels.Authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad from Spain (Project CTQ2017-87820-R). MCR also acknowledges CSIC (Project I.E. 201880E010)

Toxoplasmosis in domestic rabbit

Se describe un brote de Toxoplasmosis en conejos domésticos, desde el punto de vista clínico y anatomopatológicos macro y microscópico, el diagnóstico se realizó exclusivamente en base al estudio histopatológico. Se relatan las formas de presentación en otras especies domésticas, ciclo evolutivo y epidemiología del parásito y los antecedentes en veterinaria en nuestro país.An outbreak of Toxoplasmosis in domestic rabbits is described clinically and anatomopathologically.Diagnosis was performed under hlstologlc studies carried out with hematoxylin and eosin stains and other special techniques. Its occurrence in other domestic animals, biological cycle and epidemiology are also described as well as the antecedents in veterinary in our country.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Toxoplasmosis in domestic rabbit

Se describe un brote de Toxoplasmosis en conejos domésticos, desde el punto de vista clínico y anatomopatológicos macro y microscópico, el diagnóstico se realizó exclusivamente en base al estudio histopatológico. Se relatan las formas de presentación en otras especies domésticas, ciclo evolutivo y epidemiología del parásito y los antecedentes en veterinaria en nuestro país.An outbreak of Toxoplasmosis in domestic rabbits is described clinically and anatomopathologically.Diagnosis was performed under hlstologlc studies carried out with hematoxylin and eosin stains and other special techniques. Its occurrence in other domestic animals, biological cycle and epidemiology are also described as well as the antecedents in veterinary in our country.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Determinant influence of the electrical conductivity versus surface area on the performance of graphene oxide-doped carbon xerogel supercapacitors

A series of resorcinol formaldehyde based carbon xerogels were synthesized under identical conditions using different graphene oxide loads. The gelification reaction was carried out using a stable aqueous suspension of graphene oxide, yielding organic gels with graphene oxide concentrations ranging from 1.2–2.5%. After the carbonization, xerogels with medium surface area (650 m2/g) and a highly improved electrical conductivity were obtained. Specific capacitance of 120 F/g of one electrode at very high scan rate of 500 mV/s were achieved, as well as power densities above 30 kW/kg, which is a significant improvement of 180% with respect to the pristine xerogels. Carbonized xerogels were further steam activated to yield activated carbon xerogels with surface areas of up to 1800 m2/g. The use of activated xerogels improves slightly the specific capacitance at low scan rates only, and there is a sharp decrease above 20 mV/s, resulting in a worse performance than graphene oxide doped carbonized xerogels. The electrical conductivity of the graphene oxide-doped carbon xerogels decreases upon activation, which means that the influence of the electrical conductivity on a carbon xerogel is greater than its specific surface area, which it is the first time it is observed for porous carbons.The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain, MINECO (Project CTQ2014-54772-P and CTQ2013-44213-R), and Generalitat Valenciana (project PROMETEOII/2014/007)

Nuevos aportes sobre alteraciones cognitivas y metabólico-cerebrales por la administración de ketamina en dosis subanestésicas en ratas Rattus norvegicus (estudio preliminar)

La ketamina antagonista del receptor NMDA fue creada en la década del 60 como anestésico disociativo para niños y adultos; rápidamente ocupo un lugar fundamental en medicina veterinaria. Con el tiempo se le atribuyeron otro tipo de utilidades como analgésico, antidepresivo e incluso anticonvulsivante para algún tipo de estado epiléptico refractario. En nuestro laboratorio lo utilizamos como anestésico para la colocación de cánulas intracerebrales en dosis de 70 mg/kg.2 En el caso de su uso como analgésico para dolor de origen central y neuropático la dosis es muy por debajo de la utilizada para llegar al plano quirúrgico. Por lo que es fundamental saber si estas dosis conllevan consecuencias a nivel cognitivo y qué cambios se producen a nivel metabólico en las estructuras cerebrales implicadas en dichos procesos. En trabajos previos demostramos que la ketamina no produce alteración en el patrón de movimientos con dosis inferiores a 5 mg/ kg pero provoca detrimento de la memoria de trabajo asociado a alteraciones metabólicas de la corteza prefrontal e hipocampo. La amígdala es una estructura que forma parte del sistema límbico, está formada por muchos núcleos, se la relaciona con el miedo, la ansiedad y los procesos de memoria.Fil: Guevara, M. A.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Lorenzo, S.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Anselmi, V.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Romanowicz, E.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Cabrera, M.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; ArgentinaFil: García Menéndez, Sebastián Marcelo Manuel. Laboratorio de Neurociencias y Psicología Experimental.; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Barrutieta, I.. Universidad del País Vasco; EspañaFil: Baiardi, G.. Universidad Católica de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Lafuente, J. V.. Universidad del País Vasco; EspañaFil: Gargiulo, Pascual Angel. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza; ArgentinaNEUROLATINVET 2019 - VII Congreso Latinoamericano de Neurología Veterinaria, X Encuentro de Neurología Veterinaria del Cono Sur, II Congreso de Neurocirugía VeterinariaMendozaArgentinaAsociación Argentina de Neurología Veterinari

The S-PLUS Fornax Project (S+FP): a first 12-band glimpse of the Fornax galaxy cluster

The Fornax galaxy cluster is the richest nearby (D ∼ 20 Mpc) galaxy association in the southern sky. As such, it provides a wealth of oportunities to elucidate on the processes where environment holds a key role in transforming galaxies. Although it has been the focus of many studies, Fornax has never been explored with contiguous homogeneous wide-field imaging in 12 photometric narrow- and broad-bands like those provided by the Southern Photometric Local Universe Survey (S-PLUS). In this paper we present the S-PLUS Fornax Project (S+FP) that aims to comprehensively analyse the galaxy content of the Fornax cluster using S-PLUS. Our data set consists of 106 S-PLUS wide-field frames (FoV∼1.4 ×1.4 deg2) observed in five SDSS-like ugriz broad-bands and seven narrow-bands covering specific spectroscopic features like [OII], CaII H+K, Hδ, G-band, Mg b triplet, Hα, and the CaII triplet. Based on S-PLUS specific automated photometry, aimed at correctly detecting Fornax galaxies and globular clusters in S-PLUS images, our dataset provides the community with catalogues containing homogeneous 12-band photometry for ∼3 × 106 resolved and unresolved objects within a region extending over ∼208 deg2 (∼5 Rvir in RA) around Fornax’ central galaxy, NGC 1399. We further explore the eagle and IllustrisTNG cosmological simulations to identify 45 Fornax-like clusters and generate mock images on all 12 S-PLUS bands of these structures down to galaxies with M⋆ ≥ 108 M⊙. The S+FP dataset we put forward in this first paper of a series will enable a variety of studies some of which are briefly presented.Fil: Smith Castelli, Analia Viviana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Cortesi, A. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Haack, Rodrigo Facundo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Lopes, A. R.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Thainá Batista, J.. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; BrasilFil: Cid Fernandes, R.. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; BrasilFil: Lomelí Núñez, L.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Ribeiro, U.. Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas; BrasilFil: de Bom, C. R.. Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas; BrasilFil: Cernic, V.. Universidade Do Sao Paulo. Instituto Astronomia, Geofísica E Ciencias Atmosfericas. Departamento de Astronomia; BrasilFil: Sodré, Laerte. Universidade Do Sao Paulo. Instituto Astronomia, Geofísica E Ciencias Atmosfericas. Departamento de Astronomia; BrasilFil: Zenocratti, Lucas Jesús. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata; ArgentinaFil: de Rossi, Maria Emilia. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Calderón, Juan Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Herpich, F.. Cambridge Survey Astronomical Unit; Reino UnidoFil: Telles, E.. Ministério de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacao. Observatorio Nacional; BrasilFil: Saha, K.. Inter University Centre For Astronomy And Astrophysics; IndiaFil: Lopes, P. A. A.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Lopes Silva, V. H.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Gonçalves, T. S.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Bambrila, D.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Cardoso, N. M.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Buzzo, M. L.. Swinburne University; AustraliaFil: Astudillo Sotomayor, P.. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Demarco, R.. Universidad Andrés Bello; ChileFil: Leigh, N.. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Sarzi, M.. Armagh Observatory And Planetarium, College Hill; Reino UnidoFil: Menéndez Delmestre, K.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Faifer, Favio Raúl. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Gutierrez Soto, Luis Angel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata; Argentin