Patient Choice in the Post-Semashko Health Care System

The opportunity for patient choice in the health care system in CIS countries was created by the partial destruction of the referral system and the development of paid medical services. The data of two population surveys conducted in Russia in 2009 and 2011 show that patient choice of medical facility and physician is taking place in the post-Semashko health care system, and it is not restricted to the area of paid medical services. However for the majority of population the choice of medical facility and physician is not a necessity. Part of reason for patient choice is caused by the failure of the patient referral system to ensure the necessary treatment. For some Russian citizens, the choice of health care provider is a means to obtain better quality care, and in this respect the enhancement of patient choice is leading to the improved efficiency of the emerging health care system.Была создана возможность для выбора пациента в системе здравоохранения в странах СНГ путем частичного разрушения системы направлений и развития платных медицинских услуг. Данные двух исследований, проведенных в области народонаселения в России в 2009 и 2011 показывают, что выбор медицинского учреждения и врача пациентом происходит в после-семашковской системе здравоохранения, и не ограничивается областью платных медицинских услуг. Однако для большинства населения выбор медицинского учреждения и врача не является необходимостью. Часть причины для выбора пациента вызвано неспособностью пациента реферальной системы в обеспечить необходимое лечение. Для некоторых российских граждан, выбор медицинских услуг является средством для получения лучшего качества медицинской помощи, и в этом отношении поощрение выбора пациента ведет к повышению эффективности создаваемой системы здравоохранения

Increasing the sensitivity of controlled-source electromagnetics with synthetic aperture

Controlled-source electromagnetics (CSEM) has been used as a derisking tool in the hydrocarbon exploration industry. We apply the concept of synthetic aperture to the lowfrequency electromagnetic field in CSEM. Synthetic aperture sources have been used in radar imaging for many years. Using the synthetic aperture concept, big synthetic sources can be constructed by adding the response to small sources (building blocks) in different ways, and consequently, big sources with different radiation patterns can be created. We show that the detectability of hydrocarbons is significantly enhanced by applying synthetic aperture to CSEM data. More challenging targets such as deep reservoirs (4km belowsea floor) can be detected. The synthetic aperture technique also increases the sensitivity of the field to subsurface targets in the towing streamer acquisition.We also show that a pseudovertical source (orthogonally distributed dipole pairs) can be constructed synthetically, and that the detection capability of this pseudovertical source is increased by applying field steering. The synthetic aperture concept opens a new line of research in CSEM, with the freedom to design suitable synthetic aperture sources for a given purpose.Geoscience & EngineeringCivil Engineering and Geoscience