1,256 research outputs found
Non-local modulation of the energy cascade in broad-band forced turbulence
Classically, large-scale forced turbulence is characterized by a transfer of
energy from large to small scales via nonlinear interactions. We have
investigated the changes in this energy transfer process in broad-band forced
turbulence where an additional perturbation of flow at smaller scales is
introduced. The modulation of the energy dynamics via the introduction of
forcing at smaller scales occurs not only in the forced region but also in a
broad range of length-scales outside the forced bands due to non-local triad
interactions. Broad-band forcing changes the energy distribution and energy
transfer function in a characteristic manner leading to a significant
modulation of the turbulence. We studied the changes in this transfer of energy
when changing the strength and location of the small-scale forcing support. The
energy content in the larger scales was observed to decrease, while the energy
transport power for scales in between the large and small scale forcing regions
was enhanced. This was investigated further in terms of the detailed transfer
function between the triad contributions and observing the long-time statistics
of the flow. The energy is transferred toward smaller scales not only by
wavenumbers of similar size as in the case of large-scale forced turbulence,
but by a much wider extent of scales that can be externally controlled.Comment: submitted to Phys. Rev. E, 15 pages, 18 figures, uses revtex4.cl
Eulerian spectral closures for isotropic turbulence using a time-ordered fluctuation-dissipation relation
Procedures for time-ordering the covariance function, as given in a previous
paper (K. Kiyani and W.D. McComb Phys. Rev. E 70, 066303 (2004)), are extended
and used to show that the response function associated at second order with the
Kraichnan-Wyld perturbation series can be determined by a local (in wavenumber)
energy balance. These time-ordering procedures also allow the two-time
formulation to be reduced to time-independent form by means of exponential
approximations and it is verified that the response equation does not have an
infra-red divergence at infinite Reynolds number. Lastly, single-time
Markovianised closure equations (stated in the previous paper above) are
derived and shown to be compatible with the Kolmogorov distribution without the
need to introduce an ad hoc constant.Comment: 12 page
Growth of Seedling Black Locust and Green Ash in Relation to Subsoil Activity and Fertility
It is generally recognized that plant growth is affected by the acidity of the medium in which the plant is grown. The relationships between pH and growth are not simple and need additional clarification. The bulk of evidence available in this field indicates that the indirect effects of soil Ph on plant growth are much more important than any direct effects, and it is at only the very high and very low pH values that plants are directly affected. Magistad (12), Wilson (24) and McGeorge (8) found that root injury was not obtained in culture solutions at pH values as low as those found in very acid soils
Texture, twinning and metastable "tetragonal" phase in ultrathin films of HfO<sub>2</sub> on a Si substrate
Thin HfO<sub>2</sub> films grown on the lightly oxidised surface of (100) Si wafers have been examined using dark-field transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction in plan view. The polycrystalline film has a grain size of the order of 100 nm and many of the grains show evidence of twinning on (110) and (001) planes. Diffraction studies showed that the film had a strong [110] out-of-plane texture, and that a tiny volume fraction of a metastable (possibly tetragonal) phase was retained. The reasons for the texture, twinning and the retention of the metastable phase are discussed
Trajectory structures and transport
The special problem of transport in 2-dimensional divergence-free stochastic
velocity fields is studied by developing a statistical approach, the nested
subensemble method. The nonlinear process of trapping determined by such fields
generates trajectory structures whose statistical characteristics are
determined. These structures strongly influence the transport.Comment: Latex file 19 pages, includes 12 EPS figures. Extended version of the
invited talk at the ITCPP, Santorini, 200
Calculation of renormalized viscosity and resistivity in magnetohydrodynamic turbulence
A self-consistent renormalization (RG) scheme has been applied to nonhelical
magnetohydrodynamic turbulence with normalized cross helicity and
. Kolmogorov's 5/3 powerlaw is assumed in order to compute the
renormalized parameters. It has been shown that the RG fixed point is stable
for . The renormalized viscosity and resistivity
have been calculated, and they are found to be positive for all
parameter regimes. For and large Alfv\'{e}n ratio (ratio of
kinetic and magnetic energies) , and . As
is decreased, increases and decreases, untill where both and are approximately zero. For large ,
both and vary as . The renormalized parameters for
the case are also reported.Comment: 19 pages REVTEX, 3 ps files (Phys. Plasmas, v8, 3945, 2001
Renormalization-group approach to the stochastic Navier--Stokes equation: Two-loop approximation
The field theoretic renormalization group is applied to the stochastic
Navier--Stokes equation that describes fully developed fluid turbulence. The
complete two-loop calculation of the renormalization constant, the
function, the fixed point and the ultraviolet correction exponent is performed.
The Kolmogorov constant and the inertial-range skewness factor, derived to
second order of the \eps expansion, are in a good agreement with the
experiment. The possibility of the extrapolation of the \eps expansion beyond
the threshold where the sweeping effects become important is demonstrated on
the example of a Galilean-invariant quantity, the equal-time pair correlation
function of the velocity field. The extension to the -dimensional case is
briefly discussed.Comment: 20 pages, 3 figure
Radiation-induced root surface caries restored with glass-ionomer cement placed in conventional and ART cavity preparations: Results at two years
The document attached has been archived with permission from the Australian Dental Association (8th Jan 2008). An external link to the publisher’s copy is included.Background: There are no published studies comparing the clinical performances of more-viscous glass-ionomer cement (GIC) restorations when placed using conventional and atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) cavity preparation methods to restore root surface caries. Methods: One dentist used encapsulated Fuji IX GP and Ketac-Molar to restore 72 conventional and 74 ART cavity preparations for 15 patients who had received cervicofacial radiation therapy. Two assessors evaluated the restorations at six, 12, and 24 months for retention, marginal defects and surface wear, and recurrent caries. Results: After two years, the cumulative restoration successes were 65.2 per cent for the conventional and 66.2 per cent for the ART cavity preparations, without statistical or clinical significance (P>0.50). Restoration dislodgement accounted for 82.8 per cent and marginal defects for 17.2 per cent of all failures. There were no instances of unsatisfactory restoration wear or recurrent caries observed. Teeth with three or more restored cervical surfaces accounted for 79.3 per cent of all failures (P<0.0001). Conclusions: For root surface caries restored with GIC, the use of hand instruments only with the ART method was an equally effective alternative to conventional rotary instrumentation for cavity preparation. Larger restorations had higher failures, usually from dislodgement.JY Hu, XC Chen, YQ Li, RJ Smales and KH Yi
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