Deliberation, Unjust Exclusion, and the Rhetorical Turn

Theories of deliberative democracy have faced the charge of leading to the unjust exclusion of voices from public deliberation. The recent rhetorical turn in deliberative theory aims to respond to this charge. I distinguish between two variants of this response: the supplementing approach and the systemic approach. On the supplementing approach, rhetorical modes of political speech may legitimately supplement the deliberative process, for the sake of those excluded from the latter. On the systemic approach, rhetorical modes of political speech are legitimate within public deliberation, just so long as they result in net benefits to the deliberative system. I argue that neither of these two approaches adequately meets the unjust exclusion charge. Whereas the supplementing approach does not go far enough to incorporate rhetorical speech into public deliberation, the systemic approach goes too far by legitimizing forms of rhetoric that risk only exacerbating the problem of unjust exclusion. More constructively, I draw on Aristotle’s conception of rhetoric, as an art (technē) that is a counterpart to dialectic, to argue for a constitutive approach to rhetoric. I show how this approach provides a more expansive notion of deliberation that remains normatively orientated

United States Bureau of Mines Bulletin 8190

Report issued by the Bureau of Mines over tests conducted on underground mine slimes from a collection sump. Testing methods and results are discussed. This report includes tables, illustrations, and photographs

Analysis of stress gradients in physical vapour deposition multilayers by X-ray diffraction at fixed depth intervals

The objective of this article is to develop and apply a model for the design and evaluation of X-ray diffraction experiments to measure phase-specific residual stress profiles in multilayer systems. Using synchrotron radiation and angle-dispersive diffraction, the stress measurements are performed on the basis of the sin2[psi] method. Instead of the traditional [Omega] or [chi] mode, the experiments are carried out by a simultaneous variation of the goniometer angles [chi], [Omega] and [varphi]G to ensure that the penetration and information depth and the measuring direction [varphi] remain unchanged when the polar angle [psi] is varied. The applicability of this measuring and evaluation strategy is demonstrated by the example of a multilayer system consisting of Ti and TiAlN layers, alternately deposited on a steel substrate by means of physical vapour deposition