13 research outputs found

    Innovation and Regional Socio-Economic Development - Evidence from the Finnish Local Administrative Units (1)

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    It is often argued that innovation plays a key role in the economic growth of regions. Therefore, the impacts of innovation on the socio-economic development of regions have been widely discussed in previous studies, but with divergent areal coverage, methods, and datasets. As a point for departure, these relationships redrawn from international literature are tested here with a single dataset from Finnish local administrative units and with coherent methods. As there does not seem to be a generally accepted indicator for innovation which can claim to be superior, despite the growing literature on the subject, research and development (R&D), and patent statistics are used in this paper to represent innovation activity. The significant, strong, and positive relationship between innovation and traditional socio-economic variables is verified using Finnish regions

    Avaliação da superfície de braquetes de titùnio após a aplicação de fluoreto de sódio Evaluation of titanium brackets surface after immersion in sodium fluoride

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    OBJETIVO: avaliar o efeito da aplicação do fluoreto de sĂłdio (NaF 1,23%) sobre a superfĂ­cie de braquetes de titĂąnio e de aço inoxidĂĄvel. METODOLOGIA: foram utilizados 15 braquetes de titĂąnio, divididos em trĂȘs grupos: A) grupo controle, composto por braquetes nĂŁo submetidos a qualquer tipo de tratamento; B) braquetes imersos por 60 segundos em fluoreto de sĂłdio e lavados com 20ml de ĂĄgua destilada por trinta segundos; C) braquetes imersos por 60 segundos em fluoreto de sĂłdio e posteriormente submetidos Ă  escovação por 15 segundos, sendo entĂŁo lavados com 20ml de ĂĄgua destilada por trinta segundos. Para efeito comparativo, foram utilizados 15 braquetes de aço inoxidĂĄvel, divididos em trĂȘs grupos (Grupos A1, B1, C1) e submetidos aos mesmos procedimentos descritos. Todos os braquetes, antes e apĂłs o experimento, foram avaliados por inspeção visual e analisados ao microscĂłpio eletrĂŽnico de varredura (Philips, modelo XL 30). RESULTADOS: a inspeção visual revelou uma mudança da coloração dos braquetes de titĂąnio submetidos ao fluoreto de sĂłdio (grupos B e C), apresentando-se escurecidos quando comparados aos acessĂłrios do grupo A. Os braquetes de aço inoxidĂĄvel nĂŁo sofreram alteração cromĂĄtica em nenhum dos grupos. CONCLUSÃO: atravĂ©s da anĂĄlise por microscĂłpio eletrĂŽnico de varredura, nĂŁo foram constatadas alteraçÔes topogrĂĄficas e quĂ­micas na superfĂ­cie dos braquetes de titĂąnio, assim como nos braquetes de aço inoxidĂĄvel.<br>AIM: to assess and compare the effects of fluoride (NaF 1.23%) on titanium and stainless steel brackets. METHODS: Fifteen titanium brackets, divided in 3 groups were used: A) control group (no treatment on its surface), B) brackets immersed in NaF (60 seconds) and washed with distilled water (30 seconds), C) brackets with similar treatment to group B and submitted to brushing (15 seconds). Fifteen stainless steel brackets were used for comparative effects, divided in 3 groups, and submitted to the same described procedures. All brackets were evaluated by macroscopic (visual appearence) and scanning microscopy (Philips, model XL 30), before and after the procedures. RESULTS: titanium brackets submitted to fluoride (NaF), groups B and C, presented discoloration (matte gray color) when compared to group A. Stainless steel brackets showed no color alteration. CONCLUSION: titanium and stainless steel brackets showed no change in surface roughness or chemical components when immersed in sodium fluoride solution
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