Vulpecholic acid (1α,3α,7α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid): A novel bile acid of a marsupial, Trichosurus vulpecula (Lesson)

A novel trihydroxylated C 24 bile acid was isolated from the gallbladder bile of the Australian opossum, Trichosurus vulpecula (Lesson). This acid, for which the name vulpecholic acid is proposed, was identified as 1α,3α,7α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic. The structure proof included mass spectral and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of all crucial derivatives obtained by: a) oxidation of the methyl ester to a triketone with the enolizable 1,3-diketone function; b) methylation of this triketone to two isomeric methyl enol ethers; and c) reductive removal of oxygen functions from this triketone to give 5β-cholan-24-oic and 7-oxo-5β-cholan-24-oic acids. Vulpecholic acid was found in the bile in the unconjugated form; it accounted for more than 60% of the solid bile material. The marsupial T. vulpecula is the first example of a mammal secreting a 1α-hydroxylated bile acid as well as the first example of a mammal secreting the major bile acid in a free form.link_to_subscribed_fulltex

Reakcja oplewionej i nieoplewionej formy owsa na nawożenie dolistne

In agricultural practice, foliar fertilizers are applied in foliar additional plant feeding. Foliar additional feeding provides plants with nutrients in small doses which are immediately activated and uptaken by the leaves. The work presents the results of a strict field experiment set in 2009-2011 at the Didactic-Experimental Station of the University of Rzeszów in Krasne near Rzeszów. Response of naked (cultivar Cacko) and hulled (cultivar Bingo) oats grown on medium soil, good wheat complex to foliar fertilization with Bio-algeen S 90, Basfoliar 12-4-6+S, and Basfoliar 36 Extra was studied. Grain yield and chemical composition were determined, as well as canopy architecture. On the basis of the conducted research, it was demonstrated that foliar fertilizers caused an increase in oat grain yield. The highest yield was obtained after the application of Basfoliar 36 Extra and Basfoliar 12-4-6+S. Also positive effect of foliar additional feeding was found on the formation of such yield components as mass of 1000 grains and the mass and number of grains per panicle. It was demonstrated that the applied foliar fertilizers determined the decrease in protein content and increased the fat content in the grain. The most intense response occurred after the application of Bio-algeen S 90. Foliar fertilizers also diversified canopy architecture. After their application, an increase in the leaf area index (LAI) and a decrease in the mean tip angle (MTA) were demonstrated. The highest increase in LAI and decrease in MTA in both oat cultivars was found after the application of Basfoliar 36 Extra.W praktyce rolniczej nawozy dolistne stosuje się do pozakorzeniowego dokarmiania roślin. Poprzez dolistne dokarmianie dostarcza się roślinom składniki pokarmowe, w małych dawkach, które są natychmiast uruchamiane i pobierane przez liście. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki ścisłego doświadczenia polowego prowadzonego w latach 2009-2011 w Stacji Dydaktyczno-Badawczej w Krasnem k. Rzeszowa. Badano reakcje owsa nieoplewionego (odmiany Cacko) i oplewionego (odmiany Bingo) uprawia-nego na glebie średniej, kompleksu pszennego dobrego, na nawożenie dolistne prepara-tami Bio-algeen S 90, Basfoliar 12-4-6+S i Basfoliar 36 Extra. Określono plon i skład chemiczny ziarna oraz wskaźniki architektury łanu. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań wykazano, że nawozy dolistne powodowały wzrost plonu ziarna owsa. Najwyższy plon otrzymano po zastosowaniu Basfoliaru 36 Extra i Basfoliaru 12-4-6+S. Stwierdzono także dodatni wpływ dolistnego dokarmiania na kształtowanie takich elementów składo-wych plonu, jak: masa 1000 ziaren, masa i liczba ziarna z wiechy. Wykazano, że apliko-wane nawozy dolistne decydowały o spadku zawartości białka, a zwiększały zawartość tłuszczu w ziarnie. Najintensywniej reakcja ta wystąpiła po zastosowaniu preparatu Bio-algeen S 90. Nawozy dolistne różnicowały także wskaźniki architektury łanu. Po ich zastosowaniu wykazano wzrost wskaźnika LAI i spadek MTA. Największy wzrost LAI i spadek MTA u obydwu odmian owsa wykazano po zastosowaniu Basfoliaru 36 Extra

Bile acids of marsupials. 2. Hepatic formation of vulpecholic acid (1α,3α,7α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid) from chenodeoxycholic acid in a marsupial, Trichosurus vulpecula (Lesson)

Free vulpecholic acid (1α,3α,7α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic) is the major biliary component of the Australian opossum (Trichosurus vulpecula), accompanied only by a few percent of its taurine conjugate. In order to exclude a microbial involvement in its formation (i.e., secondary origin) four sets of experiments were performed. It was found that a) the level of vulpecholic acid remained unchanged in the bile of opossums fed with neomycin and kanamycin for 7 days prior to bile collection; b) it also remained unchanged after long bile drainage; c) in opossums prepared with biliary cannula, intraportally injected [24- 14C]chenodeoxycholic acid was transformed to [24- 14C]vulpecholic acid; and d) in a similar experiment, the detectable transformation of [1α,2α- 3H 2]cholesterol to vulpecholic acid was observed. In experiment c) 28-66% of the administered radioactivity was secreted in 2 h in the form of free biliary vulpecholic and chenodeoxycholic acids. Only a trace amount of the corresponding taurine conjugates (~0.4%) was formed. Moreover, rapidly declining specific radioactivity of the unconjugated chenodeoxycholic acid indicated its probable participation in the native formation of vulpecholic acid.link_to_subscribed_fulltex