14 research outputs found

    Treatment of persistent organic pollutants in wastewater using hydrodynamic cavitation in synergy with advanced oxidation process

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    Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are very tenacious wastewater contaminants. The consequences of their existence have been acknowledged for negatively affecting the ecosystem with specific impact upon endocrine disruption and hormonal diseases in humans. Their recalcitrance and circumvention of nearly all the known wastewater treatment procedures are also well documented. The reported successes of POPs treatment using various advanced technologies are not without setbacks such as low degradation efficiency, generation of toxic intermediates, massive sludge production, and high energy expenditure and operational cost. However, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have recently recorded successes in the treatment of POPs in wastewater. AOPs are technologies which involve the generation of OH radicals for the purpose of oxidising recalcitrant organic contaminants to their inert end products. This review provides information on the existence of POPs and their effects on humans. Besides, the merits and demerits of various advanced treatment technologies as well as the synergistic efficiency of combined AOPs in the treatment of wastewater containing POPs was reported. A concise review of recently published studies on successful treatment of POPs in wastewater using hydrodynamic cavitation technology in combination with other advanced oxidation processes is presented with the highlight of direction for future research focus

    Study of the process of phenanthrene degradation in a cavitated liquid environment

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    W artykule przeanalizowano wyniki bada艅 degradacji fenantrenu w roztworach modelowych, w uk艂adzie z reaktorem hydrokawitacyjnym. Dokonano oceny wp艂ywu parametr贸w odnosz膮cych si臋 do konstrukcji reaktora, parametr贸w prowadzonego procesu kawitacji oraz st臋偶enia pocz膮tkowego roztworu, na przebieg oraz efektywno艣膰 degradacji fenantrenu Okre艣lenie oddzia艂ywania kawitacji hydrodynamicznej oraz zidentyfikowanie jej efektywno艣ci, w zale偶no艣ci od parametr贸w pracy uk艂adu hydrokawitacyjnego, ma zasadnicze znaczenie dla skutecznego projektowania i eksploatacji reaktor贸w hydrokawitacyjnych.The aim of the study was to analyse the results of the investigation of phenanthrene degradation in standard solutions within a system including a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. The effect of the reactor鈥檚 structural parameters, the parameters of the cavitation process as well as the solution initial concentration on the course and effectiveness of phenanthrene degradation was estimated. It is essential for a successful design and exploitation of hydrodynamic cavitation reactors to identify the effect of hydrodynamic cavitation and assess its efficiency in relation to the parameters of the hydrodynamic cavitation system operation

    The evaluation of the cavitation numberin hydrodynamic cavitation including the influence of the orifice plate geometry

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    W artykule om贸wiono problematyk臋 okre艣lenia wielko艣ci liczby kawitacji w strefie skawitowanej cieczy w funkcji ci艣nienia zasilania oraz d艂ugo艣ci strefy kawitacji z uwzgl臋dnieniem wp艂ywu kszta艂tu wzbudnika kawitacji. Badania przeprowadzono na opisanym stanowisku do艣wiadczalnym, z wykorzystanymi do rejestracji manometrami piezoelektrycznymi i wykonanymi torami pomiarowymi, wsp贸艂pracuj膮cymi z komputerowym systemem zbierania i przetwarzania danych. W pracy podano przyk艂ady zmian ci艣nienia i temperatury po stronie rozpr臋偶nej kawitatora, a tak偶e zmian ci艣nienia w funkcji odleg艂o艣ci od miejsca powstawania kawitacji. Om贸wiono tak偶e mo偶liwo艣ci oceny pulsacji ci艣nienia w funkcji odleg艂o艣ci od wzbudnika. Opracowana metodyka bada艅 umo偶liwia analiz臋 wp艂ywu konstrukcji wzbudnika kawitacji hydrodynamicznej na d艂ugo艣膰 strefy skawitowanej cieczy oraz okre艣lenia lokalnych oscylacji ci艣nienia kawitacji.The paper presents the determination problem of cavitation number in cavitation zone in liquids as as the function of supply pressure and of the length of the cavitation zone. The problem concerns the influence of the orifice plates geometry. The research is described on experimental setup developed with the use of piezoelectric manometers to record the tracks compatible with the computer measuring system of data collection and processing. The paper gives some examples of changes in downstream pressure as well as temperature and pressure changes as the function of distance from the source of cavitation. The possibility of evaluation of pulse pressure at specified distances from the orifice plate is discussed. The presented research methodology allows for the analysis of the effect of orifice plate geometry on the length of the cavitation zone as well as the determination of local pressure oscillations in cavitation zone

    Research on impact of selected parameters of hydrodynamic cavitation system on the anthracene and phenanthrene degradation degree in the cavitating liquid environment

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    The essence of the undertaken research was to analyze and evaluate the impact significance of cavitation process selected parameters on the course and efficiency of organic compounds degradation in hydrodynamic cavitation conditions in the aqueous environmenton the example of model compounds: anthracene and phenanthrene. As part of the research, the hydrodynamic cavitation reactor equipped with exchangeable cavitation inductor was designed and performed. In laboratory conditions, the effect of changes of chosen process parameters such as the inlet pressure and geometry of cavitation-generating component on the anthracene and phenanthrene degradation degree was examined. In terms of treatment technology, the range values knowledge of these parameters enables the induction of controlled phenomenon of hydrodynamic cavitationin the most efficient conditions. Conducted laboratory tests indicate that theuse of hydrodynamic cavitation is an effective process which allows to reduce the concentrations of anthracene and phenanthrene in model aqueous solutions. The selection of cavitation inductor configuration is a very important aspect while maximizing the technology effects

    Badania poprawy biodegradowalno艣ci odciek贸w ze sk艂adowisk odpad贸w z wykorzystaniem kawitacji hydrodynamicznej z ozonowaniem

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    Odcieki ze sk艂adowisk odpad贸w zawieraj膮 w swoim sk艂adzie zwi膮zki refrakcyjne oraz niebiodegradowalne substancje organiczne, kt贸re utrudniaj膮 lub ca艂kowicie uniemo偶liwiaj膮 oczyszczanie metodami biologicznymi. Za miar臋 podatno艣ci odciek贸w na biodegradacj臋 przyjmuje si臋 warto艣膰 wsp贸艂czynnika BZT5/ChZT, kt贸ra dla odciek贸w ze sk艂adowisk o wieku ponad 10 lat wynosi mniej ni偶 0.1. Metody zaawansowanego utleniania takie jak kawitacja i ozonowanie mog膮 wp艂ywa膰 na biodegradowalno艣膰 odciek贸w poprzez zmian臋 struktury cz膮steczkowej i rozk艂ad zwi膮zk贸w wysokocz膮steczkowych do niskocz膮steczkowych. Kawitacja powoduje rozpad cz膮steczek na rodniki i generowanie rodnik贸w hydroksylowych (OH), o wysokim potencjalne utleniaj膮cym oraz inicjowanie dalszych 艂a艅cuchowych reakcji utlenienia i degradacji. Kawitacji towarzysz膮 r贸wnie偶 zjawiska wt贸rne natury mechanicznej, chemicznej i termicznej. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono wyniki bada艅 prowadzonych w zakresie podczyszania odciek贸w ze sk艂adowiska odpad贸w za pomoc膮 metody kawitacji hydrodynamicznej i ozonowania. Do bada艅 wykorzystano odcieki ze sk艂adowiska odpad贸w komunalnych charakteryzuj膮ce si臋 bardzo ma艂膮 biodegradowalno艣ci膮 (warto艣ci wsp贸艂czynnika BOD5/COD 0.045), o st臋偶eniu ChZT 5969 mg/L i BZT5 270 mg/L. Eksperyment przeprowadzano w czasie 30 minut, w czasie kt贸rego do uk艂adu kawitacji podawano ozon w spos贸b ci膮g艂y, przy zastosowaniu dawki ozonu 30 mg/L odciek贸w. Przeanalizowano zmiany w zakresie st臋偶enia ChZT, BZT5, OWO oraz wsp贸艂czynnika BZT5/ChZT w zale偶no艣ci od ilo艣ci cykli recyrkulacji. Uzyskane wyniki wskazuj膮 na mo偶liwo艣膰 zastosowania przedstawionych proces贸w do poprawy biodegradowalno艣ci odciek贸w ze sk艂adowiska odpad贸w komunalnych

    Reduction of odour emission from wastewater from sugar industry with application of hydrodynamic cavitation

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    Obok substancji gazowych, kt贸re zagra偶aj膮 cz艂owiekowi wskutek toksycznego dzia艂ania, wyst臋puj膮 substancje pogarszaj膮ce komfort 偶ycia, cho膰 cz臋sto nie stanowi膮 bezpo艣redniego zagro偶enia zatruciem. S膮 to zwi膮zki z艂owonne, uci膮偶liwe dla cz艂owieka nawet wtedy, kiedy wyst臋puj膮 w powietrzu w 艣ladowych ilo艣ciach. Mog膮 wywo艂ywa膰 zm臋czenie, senno艣膰, nadpobudliwo艣膰 lub odczucie odrazy. Dezodoryzacja jest to usuwanie niepo偶膮danego zapachu. Metody dezodoryzacji gaz贸w odlotowych r贸偶ni膮 si臋 od typowych metod oczyszczania gaz贸w. Celem dezodoryzacji nie jest usuwanie wszystkich zanieczyszcze艅 gazowych ale tylko tych zanieczyszcze艅, kt贸re s膮 odorantami.Elimination of odorous compounds constitutes an issue requiring individual approach to every single case. When designing a system for purification of effluent gases from malodorous compounds it is important to analyze the source of contamination in order to determine precisely the physicochemical character of arising odours. The choice of efficient deodorization method depends on, among others, an emission, the qualitative composition of emitted odours and the required purification degree. In spite of the existing numerous techniques for reduction of odour nuisance none of them can be regarded as a general-purpose way of treatment. Highly efficientsolutions are inherently connected with significant investment and exploitation expenses, whereas cheaper and less sophisticated methods do not often meet the required standards. This results in the necessity of searching for alternative techniques combining reasonable costs and acceptable performance. Non-conventional oxidation methods in liquid phase can be such a solution, in particular the hydrodynamic cavitation which is coved in this article. The paper presents problems connected with odour nuisance reduction in sugar industry. After finishing the beet campaign waste and technological waters are directed to sludge drying beds. Fermentation processes of organic compounds occurring during the clarification of water cause the formation of malodorous compounds being burdensome to the surroundings. In order to reduce the emission of odorants from waste and technological waters hydrodynamic cavitation was used which degraded organic compounds affecting the arising odours. Identification of odorous compounds emitted from sludge drying beds was obtained by means of gas chromatography. On the basis of the conducted laboratory tests the assumptions to pilot-scale design of the system utilising hydrodynamic cavitation for reduction of odours emission from wastewaters from sugar industry were developed

    Odour nuisance from animal waste utilization plant

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    Odorami nazywa si臋 lotne zwi膮zki chemiczne o niskim progu wyczuwalno艣ci, rejestrowane przez m贸zg jako nieprzyjemne. Zazwyczaj odory stanowi膮 mieszanin臋 wielu zwi膮zk贸w chemicznych o charakterze odorotw贸rczym, zar贸wno nieorganicznych, takich jak siarkowod贸r, amoniak, dwutlenek siarki, tlenki azotu oraz zwi膮zk贸w organicznych m. in. amin, aldehyd贸w, keton贸w, merkaptan贸w [1]. Odczuwanie zapachu i wra偶enie uci膮偶liwo艣ci zale偶y g艂贸wnie od rodzaju substancji z艂owonnej, jej koncentracji i cz臋stotliwo艣ci wyst臋powania w otoczeniu cz艂owieka. Obecno艣膰 odor贸w powoduje dyskomfort psychiczny, b贸le g艂owy, brak apetytu, k艂opoty z zasypianiem i oddychaniem, wyst臋powanie stan贸w podra偶nienia nerwowego czy nawet stan贸w depresyjnych. Poza negatywnym wp艂ywem na komfort psychiczny, poszczeg贸lne zwi膮zki odorotw贸rcze mog膮 posiada膰 takie w艂a艣ciwo艣ci jak toksyczno艣膰, mutagenno艣膰 czy kancerogenno艣膰.Arising odours pose a serious problem stemming from the operation of majority of industrial plants. Their negative influence on environment depends on the localization of the plant, composition of emitted odours, their concentration, gas temperature and also size and frequency of emission. Finding the solution to the problem of disagreeableodours is a very difficult task because of the lack of the formal restrictions regarding the emission of odorous substances and the unambiguous criteria of the determination of their nuisance. Animal waste utilization plants are the source of many volatile, odour-producing compounds. In the utilization process a dead animal matter is subject to thermal processing and dewatering which allows for obtaining commercial product known as meat and bone meal. Odorous compounds are formed both as a result of releasing from the supplied material and during its processing. Identification of odorous compounds present in effluent gases emitted from a plant is the first stage of the selection of the proper deodorization method. In this paper the chemical composition of particular odour forming compounds from Animal Waste Utilization Plant JURLUC near Lubart贸w was identified. The samples were taken with the use of 5 liter Tedlar bags. The extraction of the samples was made by the SPME method using SUPELCO fibers coated with 100 啪m layer of PDMS. Sorption of the analytes lasted 10 min at room temperature. The analysis itself was carried out by means of Trace Ultra gas chromatograph coupled to Polaris Q mass spectrometer. Desorption took place in the injection port of the chromatograph at 250掳C and lasted for 2 min. During the analysis of the air from the plant 18 odour-producing compounds were identified which belong to the following chemical groups: aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives, phenols, aldehydes and finally nitrogen and sulphur organic compounds. Part of the identified compounds exhibits toxic properties (e.g. trichloroethane, tetrachloroethane, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, xylenes, phenol) or mutagenic properties (e.g. 4-nonylphenol)

    Skuteczno艣膰 ozonowania w rozk艂adzie kwasu klofibrowego i bisfenolu A w modelowych roztworach wodnych

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    The article contains a brief characteristic of the compounds counted among PPCPs (Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products) and EDCs (Endocrine Disrupting Compounds) along with the presentation of their removal methods used in typical WWTPs (Wastewater Treatment Plants), WTPs (Water Treatment Plants) as well as different methods examined in laboratory conditions. The article also shows the results of the tests on decomposition of the selected compounds (clofibric acid, bisphenol A) in model water solutions with the use of advanced oxidation technique - ozonation. The compounds were selected because of their commonness and large volume of production. The main purpose of the research is to design an appropriate equipment generating ozone that could be used in a technical scale. The mechanisms of the compounds migration as well as their sources in the environment are described in the article. Further studies concerning identification of the by products of these compounds decomposition as well as recognition of the precise mechanisms occurring during different methods application need to be examined in the future.Artyku艂 zawiera kr贸tk膮 charakterystyk臋 zwi膮zk贸w zaliczanych do grupy PPCP (Farmaceutyki i produkty piel臋gnacyjne) i EDC (zwi膮zki endokrynnie czynne) wraz z przedstawieniem metod ich usuwania stosowanych w typowych zak艂adach oczyszczalni 艣ciek贸w, stacjach uzdatniania wody jak r贸wnie偶 opisem innych metod analizowanych w warunkach laboratoryjnych. Artyku艂 przedstawia tak偶e wyniki bada艅 rozk艂adu wybranych zwi膮zk贸w (kwas klofibrowy, bisfenol A) w modelowych roztworach wodnych przy u偶yciu zaawansowanej techniki utleniania - ozonowania. O wyborze zwi膮zk贸w do bada艅 zadecydowa艂a g艂贸wnie ich powszechno艣膰 wyst臋powania oraz znaczna produkcja. G艂贸wnym celem bada艅 jest zaprojektowanie odpowiedniej aparatury wytwarzaj膮cej ozon, kt贸ra mo偶e by膰 zastosowana na skal臋 techniczn膮. Dodatkowo w artykule opisano mechanizmy migracji tych zwi膮zk贸w wraz z okre艣leniem ich 藕r贸de艂 w 艣rodowisku. Dalsze etapy bada艅 obejmuj膮 identyfikacj臋 produkt贸w po艣rednich rozk艂adu analizowanych zwi膮zk贸w, a tak偶e poznanie dok艂adnego mechanizmu zachodz膮cego podczas stosowania r贸偶nych metod degradacji

    The possibility of improvements in safety on the example of printing plants

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    W artykule zaprezentowano problematyk臋 bezpiecze艅stwa i higieny pracy na stanowisku rolowego maszyny rotograwiurowej. Rotograwiura jest jedn膮 z technik drukarskich, polegaj膮ca na przenoszeniu farby drukarskiej z wygrawerowanego cylindra na pod艂o偶e (np. karton, folia), a nast臋pnie b艂yskawicznym suszeniu zadrukowanego materia艂u strumieniem gor膮cego powietrza. D膮偶enie wielkich koncern贸w do wyeksponowania swojej marki oraz zabezpieczenie przed wprowadzeniem na rynek podrobionych produkt贸w spowodowa艂o, 偶e technologia druku rotograwiurowego zosta艂a zaimplementowana w wielu wiod膮cych firmach poligraficznych. Proces druku rotograwiurowego, z uwagi na jego z艂o偶ono艣膰, wymaga ci膮g艂ego nadzoru ze strony obs艂ugi maszyny, w szczeg贸lno艣ci rolowego, kt贸ry odpowiada za zapewnienie ci膮g艂ej dost臋pno艣ci surowc贸w i materia艂贸w niezb臋dnych do produkcji oraz szybk膮 i bezpieczn膮 zmian臋 narz臋dzi i farb podczas przezbrajania maszyny. Maj膮c na uwadze liczb臋 zagro偶e艅 wyst臋puj膮cych na stanowisku pracy rolowego, a jednocze艣nie brak wystarczaj膮cej ilo艣ci fachowej literatury dotycz膮cej ryzyka pracy na w/w stanowisku dokonano analizy wymog贸w prawnych oraz norm dla wymienionego stanowiska. Dokonana analiza pozwoli艂a na opracowanie propozycji technicznych i organizacyjnych rozwi膮za艅, kt贸re mog艂yby si臋 przyczyni膰 do poprawy warunk贸w bezpiecze艅stwa i higieny pracy dla stanowiska rolowego maszyny rotograwiurowej.The article presents issues of health and safety at work as a gravure press operator. Rotogravure is one of the printing techniques method for transferring ink from the engraved cylinder to a substrate (eg. paperboard, foil), and then rapidly drying the printed material stream of hot air. The pursuit of major corporations to expose your brand and protection against the introduction of counterfeit products on the market meant that rotogravure printing technology has been implemented in many of the leading printing companies. Rotogravure printing process, due to its complexity, requires constant supervision by the operation of the machine, in particular a gravure press operator, which is responsible for ensuring the continuous availability of raw materials needed for production and a fast and safe change of tools and paints during the changeover. Given the number hazards in the workplace a gravure press operator and while there is not enough professional literature on the risks of the work on this position of an analysis of the legal requirements and the standards for the said position. The analysis allowed us to develop proposals for technical and organizational solutions that could contribute to improving the conditions of health and safety for the position of gravure press operator
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