Particle filtering with applications in networked systems: a survey

The particle filtering algorithm was introduced in the 1990s as a numerical solution to the Bayesian estimation problem for nonlinear and non-Gaussian systems and has been successfully applied in various fields including physics, economics, engineering, etc. As is widely recognized, the particle filter has broad application prospects in networked systems, but network-induced phenomena and limited computing resources have led to new challenges to the design and implementation of particle filtering algorithms. In this survey paper, we aim to review the particle filtering method and its applications in networked systems. We first provide an overview of the particle filtering methods as well as networked systems, and then investigate the recent progress in the design of particle filter for networked systems. Our main focus is on the state estimation problems in this survey, but other aspects of particle filtering approaches are also highlighted.Chinese 973 project; Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Special Program for International Science and Technology Cooperation from Ministry of Science and Technology of China; Royal Society of the UK; Research Fund for the Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province of China; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation of German

Paraspinal extramedullary hematopoiesis in patients with thalassemia intermedia

Ineffective erythropoiesis in patients with thalassemia intermedia drives extramedullary hematopoietic tumor formation in several parts of the body. Paraspinal involvement has received increasing attention due to the associated morbidity secondary to spinal cord compression. Although the history and physical examination may help narrow the differential diagnosis, radiographic imaging remains essential to confirm the existence of hematopoietic tissue. Characteristic appearance has been observed mainly on magnetic resonance imaging. Several treatment options have been described, including transfusion therapy, laminectomy, radiotherapy, and the use of fetal hemoglobin inducing agents that decrease the hematopoietic drive. However, the ideal management scheme remains controversial. Until large prospective trials evaluate the efficacy and safety of the available treatment options, both in single and in combination therapy, an individualized approach should be entertained