55,550 research outputs found
Reaction mechanisms of pair transfer
The mechanisms of nuclear transfer reactions are described for the transfer
of two nucleons from one nucleus to another. Two-nucleon overlap functions are
defined in various coordinate systems, and their transformation coefficients
given between coordinate systems. Post and prior couplings are defined for
sequential transfer mechanisms, and it is demonstrated that the combination of
`prior-post' couplings avoids non-orthogonality terms, but does not avoid
couplings that do not have good zero-range approximations. The simultaneous and
sequential mechanisms are demonstrated for the Sn(p,t)Sn
reaction at 25 MeV using shell-model overlap functions. The interference
between the various simultaneous and sequential amplitudes is shown.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures, chapter 34 in "50 Years of Nuclear BCS", edited
by R. A. Broglia and V. Zelevinsky: ISBN 978-981-4412-48-3 Uses WS macros
(included). Corrected text and calculations as in the published versio
Bonding with Self-Etching Primers - Pumice or Pre-Etch? An In Vitro Study
The objective of this study was to compare the shear bond strengths (SBS) of orthodontic brackets bonded with self-etching primer using different enamel surface preparations.
A 2-by-2 factorial study design was used. Sixty human premolars were harvested, cleaned and randomly assigned to four groups (n=15/group). Teeth were bathed in saliva for 48 hours to form a pellicle. Treatments were assigned as follows: Group 1 was pumiced for 10 seconds and pre-etched for five seconds with 37% phosphoric acid before bonding with self-etching primer (Transbond Plus). Group 2 was pumiced for ten seconds before bonding. Group 3 was pre-etched for five seconds before bonding. Group 4 had no mechanical or chemical preparation before bonding. All teeth were stored in distilled water for 24 hours at 37oC before debonding. The SBS values and Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) score were recorded. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the enamel changes at each stage of surface preparation and bonding.
The SBS values (±1 SD) for Groups 1-4 were 22.9±6.1, 16.1±7.3, 36.2 ±8.2, and 13.1±10.1 MPa, respectively. Two-way ANOVA and subsequent contrasts showed statistically significant differences among treatment groups. ARI scores indicated the majority of adhesive remained on the bracket for all 4 groups. SEM micrographs showed variable enamel surface roughness depending upon preparation.
In conclusion, pre-etching the bonding surface for five seconds with 37% phosphoric acid, instead of pumicing, when using self-etching primers to bond orthodontic brackets, results in greater shear bond strengths
Maximum entropy principle for stationary states underpinned by stochastic thermodynamics
The selection of an equilibrium state by maximising the entropy of a system,
subject to certain constraints, is often powerfully motivated as an exercise in
logical inference, a procedure where conclusions are reached on the basis of
incomplete information. But such a framework can be more compelling if it is
underpinned by dynamical arguments, and we show how this can be provided by
stochastic thermodynamics, where an explicit link is made between the
production of entropy and the stochastic dynamics of a system coupled to an
environment. The separation of entropy production into three components allows
us to select a stationary state by maximising the change, averaged over all
realisations of the motion, in the principal relaxational or nonadiabatic
component, equivalent to requiring that this contribution to the entropy
production should become time independent for all realisations. We show that
this recovers the usual equilibrium probability density function (pdf) for a
conservative system in an isothermal environment, as well as the stationary
nonequilibrium pdf for a particle confined to a potential under nonisothermal
conditions, and a particle subject to a constant nonconservative force under
isothermal conditions. The two remaining components of entropy production
account for a recently discussed thermodynamic anomaly between over- and
underdamped treatments of the dynamics in the nonisothermal stationary state
Some Challenges of Specifying Concurrent Program Components
The purpose of this paper is to address some of the challenges of formally
specifying components of shared-memory concurrent programs. The focus is to
provide an abstract specification of a component that is suitable for use both
by clients of the component and as a starting point for refinement to an
implementation of the component. We present some approaches to devising
specifications, investigating different forms suitable for different contexts.
We examine handling atomicity of access to data structures, blocking operations
and progress properties, and transactional operations that may fail and need to
be retried.Comment: In Proceedings Refine 2018, arXiv:1810.0873
Quantum mechanics and consciousness: Thoughts on a causal correspondence theory
Which way does causation proceed? The pattern in the material world seems to be upward: particles to molecules to organisms to brains to mental processes. In contrast, the principles of quantum mechanics allow us to see a pattern of downward causation. These new ideas describe sets of multiple levels in which each level influences the levels below it through generation and selection. Top-down causation makes exciting sense of the world: we can find analogies in psychology, in the formation of our minds, in locating the source of consciousness, and even in the possible logic of belief in God
Doppler Imaging of Exoplanets and Brown Dwarfs
Doppler Imaging produces 2D global maps of rotating objects using
high-dispersion spectroscopy. When applied to brown dwarfs and extrasolar
planets, this technique can constrain global atmospheric dynamics and/or
magnetic effects on these objects in un- precedented detail. I present the
first quantitative assessment of the prospects for Doppler Imaging of
substellar objects with current facilities and with future giant ground-based
telescopes. Observations will have the greatest sensitivity in K band, but the
H and L bands will also be useful for these purposes. To assess the number and
availability of targets, I also present a compilation of all measurements of
photometric variability, rotation period (P), and projected rotational velocity
(v sin i) for brown dwarfs and exoplanets. Several bright objects are already
accessible to Doppler Imaging with currently available instruments. With the
development of giant ground-based telescopes, Doppler Imaging will become
feasible for many dozens of brown dwarfs and for the few brightest directly
imaged extrasolar planets (such as beta Pic b). The present set of measurements
of P, v sin i, and variability are incomplete for many objects, and the sample
is strongly biased toward early-type objects (< L5). Thus, surveys to measure
these quantities for later-type objects will be especially helpful in expanding
the sample of candidates for global weather monitoring via Doppler Imaging.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures, 1 electronic table. Recommended for publication
in A&A. Includes referee correction
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