IJTC2007-44273 DRAINAGE OF A WETTING LIQUID: SLIP EFFECT OR MOLECULARLY ORGANISED LAYERS?

ABSTRACT A Surface Force Apparatus has been used to investigate the drainage of a blend of copolymer viscosity improver additive molecules in a base oil. A quasi-static squeeze of the interface is used to characterize the first repulsion layer and the confined adsorbed layer. Moreover, dynamical measurements enlighten a significant negative value of the immobile layer thickness (-50 nm). The occurrence of slip at the wall that may result in such effect, is discussed in terms of liquid-solid interface wettability, surface roughness and cleanliness, and friction experiments. As a consequence, a modeling of the interface consisting of two layers of different viscosity is proposed. This model of interfacial molecular organization allows us to explain the drainage behaviour of the wetting liquid

Forced oscillations dynamic tribometer with real-time insights of lubricated interfaces

This paper presents an innovative forced oscillations dynamic tribometer, the CHRONOS tribometer, with a lubricated ball-on-flat contact configuration fitted out with an in situ optical visualization system and a triggered high-speed camera. The CHRONOS tribometer generates controlled oscillating kinematics by means of a shaker with a range of strokes from 5 μm to 2.5 mm and an oscillation frequency which can be adjusted from 5 Hz to 250 Hz. Displacement and velocity are measured using a vibrometer. The ball-on-flat mean contact pressure is set between 200 MPa and 600 MPa. During motion, the instantaneous normal and friction forces and the interfacial film thickness distribution (in the nanometer scale) are simultaneously measured. In addition to this instantaneous approach, a more macroscopic approach is developed in terms of moving averages of friction and velocity. Another parameter, the friction-velocity tilt angle, is also introduced. This last parameter may give information on the friction-velocity dependence. Eventually, the experiments performed on the CHRONOS device lead to the representation of synchronized temporal signals of displacement/velocity, friction, and lubricant central film thickness. This superimposition of key parameters reveals time effects introduced by the periodical fluid squeeze and flow in the contact

Links between energy dissipation and wear mechanisms in solid epoxy/epoxy sliding contact

This paper covers wear and energy dissipation of solid epoxy induced by the alternative rubbing between two samples of identical thermosetting polymer. Varying normal load, sliding velocity and sliding distance, the authors were able to define and discuss wear and friction laws and associated energy dissipation. Moreover, traces of several wear mechanisms were distinguished on the worn surfaces and associated with applied conditions. Observed under higher velocity, polymer softening and local state transition were explained by surface temperature estimate and confirmed by infra-red spectroscopy measurements. To conclude this study, all observed phenomena are classified into two wear scenarios according to sliding velocity. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd

An Interfacial Friction Law for a Circular EHL Contact Under Free Sliding Oscillating Motion

International audienceThe friction response of a lubricated interface under free sliding oscillating motion is investigated as a function of the contact pressure and the rheology of the lubricant in terms of viscosity and piezoviscosity. For loaded contacts, both velocity dependent friction, referred to as viscous damping, and friction independent of the instantaneous sliding velocity contribute to the energy dissipation. Viscous damping mainly corresponds to the dissipation in the lubricant meniscus surrounding the contact, while dissipation within the confined lubricated interface is mainly independent of the instantaneous sliding velocity. The friction coefficient independent of the instantaneous sliding velocity falls on a master curve for the wide range of tested operating conditions and lubricant rheological properties. The master curve is a logarithmic function of a dimensionless parameter corresponding to the ratio of the viscosity of the confined lubricant to the product of the pressure and a characteristic time. The physical meaning of this latter and the friction law are discussed considering the confined interface as a viscoelastic fluid or a non-Newtonian Eyring fluid

Friction-induced vibration of a lubricated mechanical system

In a lubricated interface, the local dynamic responses can be complex and depend on molecular effects in the confined lubricating films. In a mechanical system comprising one or more of such interfaces, the influence of the local interfacial behaviour on the total vibrational response remains largely unknown. In this work, we propose a numerical model that incorporates realistic laws of local friction issued from previous experimental results. The objective is to characterize the dynamics of a lubricated system and to study its complex global responses triggered by the local interfacial behaviour. Both the stability analysis and vibrational oscillations of the mechanical system will be investigated through various operating conditions

Friction between carbon fibre reinforced polymers: Experiments and modelling

Carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP) are well-known for the excellent combination of mechanical and thermal properties with light weight. However, their tribological properties are still largely uncovered. In this work an experimental study of friction between two CFRP at weak normal load (inferior to 20 N) was performed. Two effects were scrutinuously studied during the experiments: fibre volume friction and fibre orientation. In addition to this experimental work, a modelling of a contact between two FRP was realized. It is supposed that the real area of contact consists of a multitude of microcontacts of three types: fibre-fibre, fibre-matrix and matrix-matrix. The experimental work has shown a small rise in friction coefficient with the change of fibre orientation of two composites from parallel to perpendicular relative to the sliding direction. In parallel, the proposed analytical model predicts a independence of this angle. Regarding the influence of the fibre volume fraction, Vf, the experiments reveal a decrease in friction coefficient of 50% with a change of Vf from 0% to 62%. This observation corresponds to the qualitative dependence depicted with the model. © 2012 EDP Sciences

Analytical model and experimental validation of friction laws for composites under low loads

In order to account for interfacial friction of composite materials, an analytical model based on contact geometry and local friction is proposed. A contact area includes several types of microcontacts depending on reinforcement materials and their shape. A proportion between these areas is defined by in-plane contact geometry. The model applied to a fibre-reinforced composite results in the dependence of friction on surface fibre fraction and local friction coefficients. To validate this analytical model, an experimental study on carbon fibrereinforced epoxy composites under low normal pressure was performed. The effects of fibre volume fraction and fibre orientation were studied, discussed and compared with analytical model results. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012

Frottement des matériaux composites polymères à renfort fibre de carbone : expériences et modélisation

Les matériaux composites polymères renforcés avec des fibres de carbone (PRFC) sont connus pour l’excellente combinaison de leurs propriétés mécaniques et thermiques avec leur faible masse. Cependant, leurs propriétés tribologiques restent largement méconnues. Dans le cadre de ce travail, l’étude expérimentale du frottement entre deux PRFC composites sous faible charge normale (jusqu’à 20 N) a été réalisée. Deux effets ont été soigneusement étudiés pendant l’expérience : la fraction volumique et l’orientation des fibres. En complément de ce travail expérimental, une modélisation du contact entre deux PRFC a été réalisée. On suppose que l’aire réelle de contact est constituée d’une multitude de microcontacts de trois types : fibre-fibre, fibre-matrice et matrice-matrice. L’étude expérimentale a montré une légère augmentation de coefficient de frottement avec le changement d’orientation de fibre de deux composites de parallèle à perpendiculaire par rapport au sens de glissement, alors que le modèle analytique proposé prédit une indépendance de cet angle. Quant à l’influence de la fraction volumique de fibres, Vf, les essais soulignent une diminution de coefficient de frottement de moitié avec une augmentation de Vf de 0 % à 62 %, ce qui correspond à la dépendance qualitative trouvée dans le cadre du modèle

Numerical Simulations of Groove Topography Effects on Film Thickness and Friction in EHL Regime

© 2017, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. The effects of depth and top width of transverse rectangular grooves on film thickness and friction in elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) regime were investigated through numerical simulations. Results were obtained in the form of pressure profiles and Stribeck curves for central and minimum film thickness and for friction coefficient. The results indicate that grooves with narrow top widths reduce the minimum film thickness and that this reduction is greater for deeper grooves. Lubricant shearing inside these grooves was further identified as a dominant factor contributing to friction. Near the groove edges, however, no evidence of micro-EHL effect was observed. Based on the results, a groove volume parameter was proposed to characterise the groove lubrication efficiency. We found that the parameter was linearly related to the average central film thickness and by increasing the groove wavelength the film could be made thicker than that of a smooth contact