Elizabeth Barrett Browning\u27s Juvenilia and Children\u27s Culture in Georgian England: An Introduction to Julia Or Virtue

This study examines the early life and writings of Elizabeth Barrett Browning and seeks to explain the development of her literary disposition and the art she created in the light of her culture and society, bringing to print for the first time her juvenile novel, “Julia or Virtue.” EBB, growing up in late Georgian England, was in many ways influenced by Georgian culture - its customs, manners, styles, and aesthetics. She was subject to its predominant beliefs concerning the education of girls and the codified virtues that attended such an education. Children of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries occupied a particular place, and a culture was preserved for and transmitted to them through various forms and means. Literature written for children was becoming more prevalent as authors sought to identify with the didactic concerns of parents and teachers. The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries produced a circle of moralist authors, mainly female, who prepared useful story lessons with exemplary protagonists. EBB’s juvenile works reflect her culture in many ways. It is also the case, however, that her early works bear marks of an education that exceeded the normal boundaries of scholarship deemed appropriate for a female child of Georgian England. Her novel, “Julia or Virtue,” written at age ten, demonstrates a sophisticated understanding of the conventions of story writing and reflects in remarkable ways aspects of noteworthy story writers such as Maria Edgeworth and Sir Walter Scott. EBB’s juvenile poetry reflects the influences of a variety of historical and contemporary writers, revealing her strategy of imitatio as she developed artistically. Her imitation of authors such as Homer, Pope, Beattie, Wordsworth, and others provided an important foundation for later, more innovative works. An examination of the juvenile works of EBB provides an opportunity to study the development of a young artist’s mind in early nineteenth century England. The influences of family, class, reading habits, and education had a telling impact on her writing. In her juvenilia it is clear that EBB significantly both reflected and challenged vital assumptions about girls’ culture of early nineteenth-century England

Mapping the Deep Blue Oceans

The ocean terrain spanning the globe is vast and complex—far from an immense flat plain of mud. To map these depths accurately and wisely, we must understand how cartographic abstraction and generalization work both in analog cartography and digital GIS. This chapter explores abstraction practices such as selection and exaggeration with respect to mapping the oceans, showing significant continuity in such practices across cartography and contemporary GIS. The role of measurement and abstraction—as well as of political and economic power, and sexual and personal bias—in these sciences is illustrated by the biographies of Marie Tharp and Bruce Heezen, whose mapping of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge precipitated a paradigm shift in geology

A Turke turn'd Quaker: conversion from Islam to radical dissent in early modern England

The study of the relationship between the anglophone and Islamic worlds in the seventeenth century has been the subject of increas- ing interest in recent years, and much attention has been given to the cultural anxiety surrounding “Turning Turke”, conversion from Christianity to Islam, especially by English captives on the Barbary coast. Conversion in the other direction has attracted far less scrutiny, not least because it appears to have been far less com- mon. Conversion from Islam to any form of radical dissent has attracted no scholarship whatsoever, probably because it has been assumed to be non-existent. However, the case of Bartholomew Cole provides evidence that such conversions did take place, and examining the life of this “Turke turn’d Quaker” provides an insight into the dynamics of cross-cultural conversion of an exceptional kind

Angular distribution for the elastic scattering of electrons from Ar⁺(3s²3p⁵ ²P) above the first inelastic threshold

A study was performed on the measured angular differential cross section (DCS) for the elastic scattering of electrons from Ar+(3s23p5 2P) at the collision energy of 16eV. The corresponding non-coulomb phase shifts were calculated by solving the Hartree-Fock equations for the incident electrons. The results showed that the DSC is dominated by the Rutherford cross section at low scattering angles

Space time and maps

Concepts of space and time were important for man, at various levels, for philosophy, science and religion. Astronomy, Philosophy, Mathematics, Physics, Geography and Cartography were most involved topics. Actually, shape and history of Universe, and specially of Earth, are related to their representation: so, ideas about space and time have largely coped with survey and mapping, from Geodesy to Geomatics