\u3ci\u3eLeucanthiza Dircella\u3c/i\u3e (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): A Leafminer of Leatherwood, \u3ci\u3eDirca Palustris\u3c/i\u3e

Leatherwood, Dirca palustris (Thymelaeaceae), is an understory shrub ranging throughout most of the eastern and central United States and adjacent Canada. During 1997-1999, we conducted studies to identify and assess the impact of a leafminer that was causing significant damage to leather- wood plants in eastern Gogebic County, Michigan. Leucanthiza dircella was identified as the only insect responsible for the leaf mining activity on leatherwood. In northern Michigan, L. dircella completed one generation per year. Adult moths were captured on yellow sticky panels suspended from leatherwood branches. In 1997 and 1998, most adults were captured during the first sampling period of each year: 6-12 June 1997 and 3-19 May 199B. In 1999, no moths were collected during 5-29 April but adults were collected between 30 April and 22 June 1999. In 1999, initiation of adult flight coincided with D. palustris leaf flush. In 1997, leaf mines were very noticeable by 30 June. The mean number of live L. dircella larvae per mine was 3.5 on 17 July 1997 and then decreased as the season progressed, with most larvae having exited the mines by late August to pupate in the soil. In late August 1997, the mean surface area of a single leaf was 17.8 cm2 and the mean surface area of a single mine was 5.9 cm2. At the end of the 1997 growing sea­son, 31% of the leatherwood leaves contained L. dircella mines, and 11% of the total leaf surface area had been mined. In 1999, only 8% of the leaves in the study area contained L. dircella mines. No leatherwood mortality was evident as a result of L. dircella leaf mining. Seven species of hymenopteran parasitoids were reared from L. dircella larvae, including one braconid in the genus Pholetesor and six eulophids in the genera Chrysocharis, Closterocerus, Pnigalio, and Sympiesis. Three coleopterans that were commonly observed on leatherwood plants during all years included: Glyptina brunnea (Chrysomelidae), Phyllobius oblongus (Curculionidae) and Polydrusus sericeus (Curculionidae)

Identity matters

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/88082/1/RRQ.37.2.6.pd

Configurable Multi-Purpose Processor

Advancements in technology have allowed the miniaturization of systems used in aerospace vehicles. This technology is driven by the need for next-generation systems that provide reliable, responsive, and cost-effective range operations while providing increased capabilities such as simultaneous mission support, increased launch trajectories, improved launch, and landing opportunities, etc. Leveraging the newest technologies, the command and telemetry processor (CTP) concept provides for a compact, flexible, and integrated solution for flight command and telemetry systems and range systems. The CTP is a relatively small circuit board that serves as a processing platform for high dynamic, high vibration environments. The CTP can be reconfigured and reprogrammed, allowing it to be adapted for many different applications. The design is centered around a configurable field-programmable gate array (FPGA) device that contains numerous logic cells that can be used to implement traditional integrated circuits. The FPGA contains two PowerPC processors running the Vx-Works real-time operating system and are used to execute software programs specific to each application. The CTP was designed and developed specifically to provide telemetry functions; namely, the command processing, telemetry processing, and GPS metric tracking of a flight vehicle. However, it can be used as a general-purpose processor board to perform numerous functions implemented in either hardware or software using the FPGA s processors and/or logic cells. Functionally, the CTP was designed for range safety applications where it would ultimately become part of a vehicle s flight termination system. Consequently, the major functions of the CTP are to perform the forward link command processing, GPS metric tracking, return link telemetry data processing, error detection and correction, data encryption/ decryption, and initiate flight termination action commands. Also, the CTP had to be designed to survive and operate in a launch environment. Additionally, the CTP was designed to interface with the WFF (Wallops Flight Facility) custom-designed transceiver board which is used in the Low Cost TDRSS Transceiver (LCT2) also developed by WFF. The LCT2 s transceiver board demodulates commands received from the ground via the forward link and sends them to the CTP, where they are processed. The CTP inputs and processes data from the inertial measurement unit (IMU) and the GPS receiver board, generates status data, and then sends the data to the transceiver board where it is modulated and sent to the ground via the return link. Overall, the CTP has combined processing with the ability to interface to a GPS receiver, an IMU, and a pulse code modulation (PCM) communication link, while providing the capability to support common interfaces including Ethernet and serial interfaces boarding a relatively small-sized, lightweight package

The management of acute venous thromboembolism in clinical practice. Results from the European PREFER in VTE Registry

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Europe. Data from real-world registries are necessary, as clinical trials do not represent the full spectrum of VTE patients seen in clinical practice. We aimed to document the epidemiology, management and outcomes of VTE using data from a large, observational database. PREFER in VTE was an international, non-interventional disease registry conducted between January 2013 and July 2015 in primary and secondary care across seven European countries. Consecutive patients with acute VTE were documented and followed up over 12 months. PREFER in VTE included 3,455 patients with a mean age of 60.8 ± 17.0 years. Overall, 53.0 % were male. The majority of patients were assessed in the hospital setting as inpatients or outpatients (78.5 %). The diagnosis was deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) in 59.5 % and pulmonary embolism (PE) in 40.5 %. The most common comorbidities were the various types of cardiovascular disease (excluding hypertension; 45.5 %), hypertension (42.3 %) and dyslipidaemia (21.1 %). Following the index VTE, a large proportion of patients received initial therapy with heparin (73.2 %), almost half received a vitamin K antagonist (48.7 %) and nearly a quarter received a DOAC (24.5 %). Almost a quarter of all presentations were for recurrent VTE, with >80 % of previous episodes having occurred more than 12 months prior to baseline. In conclusion, PREFER in VTE has provided contemporary insights into VTE patients and their real-world management, including their baseline characteristics, risk factors, disease history, symptoms and signs, initial therapy and outcomes

Über Peptidsynthesen, XLV Peptidsynthesen nach aktivierender anodischer Oxydation von Aminosäurehydraziden

N-Acyl-aminosäurephenyl- und -aminosäure-isopropylhydrazide lassen sich in organischer Lösung bei Gegenwart von Tetra-n-butylammoniumperchlorat als Leitsalz an der Platin-Anode zu Diimiden oxydieren, die von Aminosäureestern zu Peptiden umgesetzt werden

Über Peptidsynthesen, XLIV Nachträgliche Aktivierung von Carboxyl-Derivaten durch Oxydation oder Eliminierung und ihre Anwendung zur Peptid-Synthese an fester Phase sowie zur Cyclisierung von Peptiden

Mit dem Ziel, bessere Methoden zur Cyclisierung von Peptiden zu finden, wird die Carboxylgruppe von N-geschützten Aminosäuren und Peptiden mit Hydrazobenzol zu den Diphenylhydraziden 1 oder mit cyclischem Phthalsäurehydrazid zu den O-Acyl-3-hydroxy-phthalazonen 4 verknüpft. Die Verbindungen 1 und 4 lassen sich durch Oxydation mit N-Brom-succinimid in aktivierte Derivate verwandeln, die zur Übertragung des Acyl-Rests auf Aminogruppen geeignet sind, was durch Synthese von Z-Glycinbenzylamid (2) und Z-Phenylalanylglycinäthylester (3) geprüft wurde**. Die Übertragung dieses Prinzips auf die feste Phase gelingt mit den Aminoacyl-Verbindungen 6 der 4-Hydrazino-benzoesäure, die an Chlormethylpolystyrol Ester-artig verankert werden. - Eine zweite Methode der nachträglichen Aktivierung besteht in der Eliminierung von Wasser aus 2,2-Diphenyl-äthylenglykolestern 7 zu reaktiven Enolestern, wie an der Sythese der Peptide 2 und 3 sowie an der Cyclisierung von Phe-(Pro)2-(Phe)2-Val-(Pro)2-D-Ala-PheOH zum D-Ala-antamanid (9) gezeigt wird