9,261 research outputs found
Towards an expanded model of litigation
Introduction: The call for contributions for this workshop describes the important new challenges for the legal search
community this domain brings. Rather than just understanding the challenges this domain poses in terms of
their technical properties, we would like to suggest that understanding these challenges as socio-technical
challenges will be important. That is, as well as calling for research on a technical level to address these
challenges we are also calling for work to understand the social practices of those involved in e-discovery
(ED) and related legal work. A particularly interesting feature of this field is that it is likely that search
technologies will (at least semi-)automate responsiveness review in the relatively near term and this will
change the way that the work is organised and done in many ways â offering new possibilities for new
ways of organising the work. As well as designing those technologies for automating responsiveness
review we need to be envisioning how the work will be done in the future, how these technologies will
impact the organisation of the case and so on. In this position paper we therefore outline the importance of
understanding the wider social context of ED when designing tools and technologies to support and change
the work. We would like to reinforce and expand on Conradâs call for IR researchers to understand just
what ED entails [2], include the stages that come both before and after core retrieval activities.
The importance of considering the social aspects of work in the design of the technology has been
established for some time. Ushering in this âturn to the social,â and focusing on interface design, Gentner
and Grudin [4] described how the GUI has already changed from an interface for engineers, representing
the engineering model of the machine to one that supported single âeverymanâ users (based on ideas from
psychology). From then onwards the interface has evolved to support groups of users, taking into account
the social and organisational contexts of use. This has particular resonance for the design of ED
technologies: during ED in particular and the wider legal process there are often many lawyers involved â
reviewing documents, determining issues, etc. Even if the way that their work is organised currently is not
seen as collaborative in the traditional sense â with individual lawyers working on individual document sets
to review them - their work needs to be coordinated and it seems likely that their work could be enhanced
by, for example, knowledge of what their colleagues had found, how the case was shaping up, new key
terms and facts turned up and so on. Work is often modelled for the purposes of design using process
models, but this misses out on the richness and variety actually found when one examines how the work is
carried out [3]. Technologies which strictly enforce the process models can often hinder the work, or end
up being worked around as was the case with workflow systems since people interpret processes very
flexibly to get the work done ([1], [3]). Other studies in other fields have found similar problems when
systems are designed on for example cognitive models of how the work is done; they often do not take into
account the situated nature of the work and thus they can be very difficult to use [5]. We believe, like [2],
that a clear understanding of the social practices of ED is vital for the creation of high-quality, meaningful
tools and technologies. We furthermore propose that work practice studies, to be used in combination with
other methods, are a central part of getting the detailed understanding of the work practices central to
designing useful and intelligent tools. Work practice studies would involve ethnographies, consisting
primarily of observation, undertaken of practitioners engaging in the work of ED
Neural Relax
We present an algorithm for data preprocessing of an associative memory
inspired to an electrostatic problem that turns out to have intimate relations
with information maximization
Tiling Spaces are Inverse Limits
Let M be an arbitrary Riemannian homogeneous space, and let Omega be a space
of tilings of M, with finite local complexity (relative to some symmetry group
Gamma) and closed in the natural topology. Then Omega is the inverse limit of a
sequence of compact finite-dimensional branched manifolds. The branched
manifolds are (finite) unions of cells, constructed from the tiles themselves
and the group Gamma. This result extends previous results of Anderson and
Putnam, of Ormes, Radin and Sadun, of Bellissard, Benedetti and Gambaudo, and
of G\"ahler. In particular, the construction in this paper is a natural
generalization of G\"ahler's.Comment: Latex, 6 pages, including one embedded figur
Lattice Glass Models
Motivated by the concept of geometrical frustration, we introduce a class of
statistical mechanics lattice models for the glass transition. Monte Carlo
simulations in three dimensions show that they display a dynamical glass
transition which is very similar to that observed in other off-lattice systems
and which does not depend on a specific dynamical rule. Whereas their analytic
solution within the Bethe approximation shows that they do have a discontinuous
glass transition compatible with the numerical observations.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures; minor change
Spatial structures and dynamics of kinetically constrained models for glasses
Kob and Andersen's simple lattice models for the dynamics of structural
glasses are analyzed. Although the particles have only hard core interactions,
the imposed constraint that they cannot move if surrounded by too many others
causes slow dynamics. On Bethe lattices a dynamical transition to a partially
frozen phase occurs. In finite dimensions there exist rare mobile elements that
destroy the transition. At low vacancy density, , the spacing, ,
between mobile elements diverges exponentially or faster in . Within the
mobile elements, the dynamics is intrinsically cooperative and the
characteristic time scale diverges faster than any power of (although
slower than ). The tagged-particle diffusion coefficient vanishes roughly
as .Comment: 4 pages. Accepted for pub. in Phys. Rev. Let
Alexander quandle lower bounds for link genera
We denote by Q_F the family of the Alexander quandle structures supported by
finite fields. For every k-component oriented link L, every partition P of L
into h:=|P| sublinks, and every labelling z of such a partition by the natural
numbers z_1,...,z_n, the number of X-colorings of any diagram of (L,z) is a
well-defined invariant of (L,P), of the form q^(a_X(L,P,z)+1) for some natural
number a_X(L,P,z). Letting X and z vary in Q_F and among the labellings of P,
we define a derived invariant A_Q(L,P)=sup a_X(L,P,z).
If P_M is such that |P_M|=k, we show that A_Q(L,P_M) is a lower bound for
t(L), where t(L) is the tunnel number of L. If P is a "boundary partition" of L
and g(L,P) denotes the infimum among the sums of the genera of a system of
disjoint Seifert surfaces for the L_j's, then we show that A_Q(L,P) is at most
2g(L,P)+2k-|P|-1. We set A_Q(L):=A_Q(L,P_m), where |P_m|=1. By elaborating on a
suitable version of a result by Inoue, we show that when L=K is a knot then
A_Q(K) is bounded above by A(K), where A(K) is the breadth of the Alexander
polynomial of K. However, for every g we exhibit examples of genus-g knots
having the same Alexander polynomial but different quandle invariants A_Q.
Moreover, in such examples A_Q provides sharp lower bounds for the genera of
the knots. On the other hand, A_Q(L) can give better lower bounds on the genus
than A(L), when L has at least two components.
We show that in order to compute A_Q(L) it is enough to consider only
colorings with respect to the constant labelling z=1. In the case when L=K is a
knot, if either A_Q(K)=A(K) or A_Q(K) provides a sharp lower bound for the knot
genus, or if A_Q(K)=1, then A_Q(K) can be realized by means of the proper
subfamily of quandles X=(F_p,*), where p varies among the odd prime numbers.Comment: 36 pages; 16 figure
Effects of supercoiling on enhancer-promoter contacts.
Using Brownian dynamics simulations, we investigate here one of possible roles of supercoiling within topological domains constituting interphase chromosomes of higher eukaryotes. We analysed how supercoiling affects the interaction between enhancers and promoters that are located in the same or in neighbouring topological domains. We show here that enhancer-promoter affinity and supercoiling act synergistically in increasing the fraction of time during which enhancer and promoter stay in contact. This stabilizing effect of supercoiling only acts on enhancers and promoters located in the same topological domain. We propose that the primary role of recently observed supercoiling of topological domains in interphase chromosomes of higher eukaryotes is to assure that enhancers contact almost exclusively their cognate promoters located in the same topological domain and avoid contacts with very similar promoters but located in neighbouring topological domains
Spectral geometry as a probe of quantum spacetime
Employing standard results from spectral geometry, we provide strong evidence
that in the classical limit the ground state of three-dimensional causal
dynamical triangulations is de Sitter spacetime. This result is obtained by
measuring the expectation value of the spectral dimension on the ensemble of
geometries defined by these models, and comparing its large scale behaviour to
that of a sphere (Euclidean de Sitter). From the same measurement we are also
able to confirm the phenomenon of dynamical dimensional reduction observed in
this and other approaches to quantum gravity -- the first time this has been
done for three-dimensional causal dynamical triangulations. In this case, the
value for the short-scale limit of the spectral dimension that we find is
approximately 2. We comment on the relevance of these results for the
comparison to asymptotic safety and Horava-Lifshitz gravity, among other
approaches to quantum gravity.Comment: 25 pages, 6 figures. Version 2: references to figures added,
acknowledgment added
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