Has the Push for Equal Gender Representation Changed the Role of Women on German Supervisory Boards?

In Germany, an intensive public debate about increasing female participation in leadership positions started in 2009 and proceeded until the beginning of 2015, when the German parliament enacted a board gender quota. In that period, the share of women on supervisory boards for 111 German publicly listed and fully codetermined companies (i.e. those which are affected by the quota law) more than doubled from 10.6 percent in 2009 to 22.6 percent in 2015. In 2016, the first year when the law was effective, the female share increased again by 4.5 percentage points. Using a hand-collected dataset, we investigate whether the rise in female board representation was accompanied by a change in gender differences in board member characteristics and board involvement. We do not find evidence for the "Golden Skirts" phenomenon, i.e., the rise in the female share was not achieved via a few female directors holding multiple board memberships. After controlling for firm heterogeneity, the remuneration of female shareholder (employee) representatives is about 16 (9) percent lower than for males. We interpret this as an overall indication that women are not only underrepresented in German supervisory boards, they are even more underrepresented in important board positions. Indeed, women are less likely to become a chairman and are less often assigned to board committees (except for the nominating committee). Moreover, in 2016 the disadvantage of women (as compared to men) to obtain a committee membership is even larger than in 2009

A review of family influences on travel decision making

Environmental concerns are evident in the increasingly ecologically aware marketplace. One of the competitive advantages of hotels is the implementation of a green management, which can increasingly resolve environmental issues and may play an important role in this industry. In Malaysia, increasing the number of tourists is one of the important factors that affects the country’s economy and helps achieve its plan of 2020. Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and marketing mix tools, this study reviews the factors that influence the attitudes and behavior intentions of consumers toward choosing green hotels in Malaysia. The methodology of this study is based on secondary data, and it aims to understand the TPB factors and marketing mix in the hospitality sector. The results of this study are deemed beneficial to researchers, hotel managers, and policy makers in the tourism industry, particularly in the context of environmentally friendly hotels in Malaysi