Palaeobiology, ecology, and distribution of stromatoporoid faunas in biostromes of the mid-Ludlow of Gotland

Six well exposed mid−Ludlow stromatoporoid−dominated reef biostromes in four localities from the Hemse Group in southeastern Gotland, Sweden comprise a stromatoporoid assemblage dominated by four species; Clathrodictyon mohicanum, “Stromatopora” bekkeri, Plectostroma scaniense, and Lophiostroma schmidtii. All biostromes investigated in this area (of approximately 30 km2) are interpreted to belong to a single faunal assemblage forming a dense accumulation of fossils that is probably the best exposed stromatoporoid−rich deposit of the Silurian. The results from this comprehensive study strengthen earlier interpretations of a combination of genetic and environmental control on growth−forms of the stromatoporoids. Growth styles are similar for stromatoporoids in all six biostromes. Differences in biostrome fabric are due to variations in the degree of disturbance by storms. The uniformity of facies and the widespread low−diversity fauna support the view that palaeoenvironmental conditions were similar across the area where these biostromes crop out, and promoted the extraordinary growth of stromatoporoids in this shallow shelf area

17th Century Maps of Poland According to Gerardus Mercator’s Prototype from 1585 (an Attempt to Determine the Filiation of Printed Maps)

Mapa Polski i Śląska G. Merkatora z 1585 r. była bezpośrednio wykorzystana do opracowania nowej mapy Polski przez Jodocusa Hondiusa II około 1620 roku. Jej treść została uzupełniona o elementy z mapy Litwy Merkatora z 1595 r. oraz mapy Prus Kaspra Hennebergera z 1576 roku lub jej jakiegoś wariantu. Natomiast mapa Polski Hondiusa z około 1620 roku była podstawowym źródłem, które bezpośrednio wykorzystał do opracowania swojej mapy Polski John Speed w 1626 roku. Podobnie jak jej poprzedniczka również została ona uzupełniona treścią z mapy Prus K. Hennebergera oraz z mapy południowego wybrzeża Bałtyku W. Blaeu’a z 1608 r. Mapa Polski Johna Speeda była natomiast podstawowym źródłem do wykonania mapy Polski Piscatora w 1630 roku. Tę również częściowo uzupełniono w oparciu o mapę Litwy Merkatora oraz jego mapę Polski i Śląska. Wspomniana mapa Polski Jodocusa Hondiusa II z ok. 1620 r. lub jej niemal wierna przeróbka Joannesa Janssoniusa i Henricusa Hondiusa z 1638 r. była podstawowym źródłem do opracowania mapy Polski Joannesa Janssoniusa z 1645 r. Uzupełniono ją na podstawie mapy Pomorza E. Lubinusa z 1618 r. oraz głównie na terenie Wielkopolski na podstawie mapy województwa poznańskiego J. Freudenhammera z 1645 roku. Jest to jedna z najpiękniejszych map Polski XVII wieku. Willem Janszoon Blaeu w 1635 r. zredagował interesującą mapę Polski, którą z uzupełnieniami zamieszczono w 12-tomowym wielkim atlasie Blaeuów w 1662 r. Dla wykreślenia tej mapy Blaeu jako podstawowe źródło nie wykorzystał już istniejących nowych map Polski, ale dawną mapę Polski i Śląska Merkatora. Nie była ona jedynym źródłem, ponieważ uzupełnień treści dokonano na podstawie mapy Prus K. Hennebergera, mapy Pomorza E. Lubinusa oraz mapy Polski J. Speeda. Wydawcy map i atlasów w pierwszej połowie XVII w. wykorzystywali więc najnowsze publikacje kartograficzne. Różnego rodzaju kompilacje, przeróbki i warianty, często na rzecz treści dekoracyjnej obniżały wartości kartograficzne. Nie stanowiły więc postępu w kształtowaniu obrazu kartograficznego ziem Rzeczypospolitej. Za krok milowy i jako pierwowzór wielu późniejszych dzieł kartograficznych należy uznać właśnie mapę Polski i Śląska Merkatora z 1585 r.Gerardus Mercator’s map of Poland and Silesia from 1585 was directly used to make a new map of Poland by Jodocus Hondius II around the year 1620. Its content was completed with elements from Mercator’s map of Lithuania from 1595 and from Caspar Henneberger’s map of Prussia from 1576 or some variant of it. However, Hondius’s map of Poland from 1620 was the basic source, which was directly used by John Speed to elaborate his own map of Poland in 1626. Very much like its predecessor, it too was completed with content from C. Henneberger’s map of Prussia and from W. Blaeu’s map of the southern coast of the Baltic Sea from 1608. John Speed’s map of Poland was in turn the basic source for the creation of Piscator’s map of Poland in 1630. This map too was partly completed on the basis of Mercator’s map of Lithuania and his map of Poland and Silesia. The already mentioned Jodocus Hondius’s II map of Poland from around 1620, or its almost exact makeover by Joannes Janssonius and Henricus Hondius from 1638, was the basic source for the elaboration of Joannes Janssonius’s map of Poland from 1645. It was completed on the basis of E. Lubinus’s map of Pomerania from 1618 and, mainly on the territory of Polonia Maior, on the basis of J. Freudenhammer’s map of Poznań voyvodship from 1645. It is one of the most beautiful 17th century maps of Poland. In 1635, Willem Janszoon Blaeu edited an interesting map of Poland, which, together with some supplements, was included in the 12-volume atlas of the Blaeus in 1662. For the making of the map Blaeu didn’t use as his basic source any of the already existing new maps of Poland, but the ancient Mercator’s map of Poland and Silesia. It was not the only source, because the content was completed on the basis of K. Henneberger’s map of Prussia, E. Lubinus’ map of Pomerania and J. Speed’s map of Poland. Therefore, publishers of maps and atlases in the first half of 17th century used the newest cartographic publications. Various kinds of compilations, makeovers and variants, often for the benefit of decorative content lowered their cartographic value. They did not constitute progress in the shaping of the cartographic image of Poland. It is Mercator’s map of Poland and Silesia from 1585 which deserves to be treated as milestone and prototype for many cartographic works which followed

Remarks on map dating - maps of Poland by Gerard de Jode from the second half of the 16th century

Artykuł dotyczy analizy treści map Polski Gerarda de Jode ukazujących się w jego atlasach i samoistnych z drugiej połowy XVI wieku. Badania przeprowadzono stosując trzy metody analityczne: graficzną-analizę siatki zniekształceń; porównawczą analizę treści hydrograficznej oraz lingwistyczną - stosując tablice synoptyczne. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły na uściślenie datacji poszczególnych map oraz ustalenie zależności filiacyjnych.The article analyzes the contents of maps of Poland published by Gerard de Jode, one of the three famous atlas publishers of the 16th century. Three methods of contents analysis were applied: graphic - distortion grid, comparative - hydrographic contents were analyzed and linguistic - filiation relations of particular maps were established with the use of synoptic charts. Until now the map dated 1576, with a visage of king Stefan Batory was considered to be the first map of Poland published by Gerard de Jode. The second was presumably published in Gerard de Jode's first atlas Speculum Orbis Terrarum of 1578. The third was to be the map with a visage of king Sigismund III Vasa in his third atlas, published posthumously in 1593. The conducted research, based mainly on the analysis of water network - rivers, lakes and the Baltic coastline, established, that the first map was actually published in the atlas of 1578 (the area of Prussia was drawn basing on the map of Prussia by Heinrich Zell, edited by Abraham Ortelius, 1570). The map published second was dated 1576, which marks the beginning of the reign of king Stefan Batory (whose visage was placed on the map). This is evident in the contents of the map in the area of Prussia, which is characteristic for the map of Prussia by Kasper Henneberger of 1576. It can be assumed that it was published between 1578 and 1586 (death of king Stefan Batory). The third of Gerard de Jode's maps is the map of Poland published in the atlas of 1593, with the same contents, but with a visage of a new king, Sigismund III Vasa. Unlike his competitor, publisher Abraham Ortelius, Gerard de Jode introduced numerous updates to his maps using the most recent sources available at the time. Abraham Ortelius added new maps to his atlases, but did not update the already existing ones

Analysis of the accuracy of the 1613 map of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by Tomasz Makowski (so called "Radziwiłł map") by using a distortion grid

Artykuł jest poświęcony analizie dokładności radziwiłłowskiej mapy Litwy z 1613 r. z zastosowaniem jednej z metod graficznych, jaką jest siatka zniekształceń, obrazująca przestrzenne zróżnicowanie poprawności wykonania tej mapy.The article attempts to analyze accuracy of the map of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania elaborated by Tomasz Makowski (so called "Radziwiłł map", for the first time issued probably in 1613). The map was financed by prince Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł Sierotka (1549-1616), who was one of the more significant sponsors of culture on the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on the break of the XVIIth century. The map was drawn by Tomasz Makowski, engraver and cartographer, resident at the Radziwiłł court in Nieśwież and it was engraved and printed in Amsterdam. The map covers the area of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in its 1569 borders, but also includes some neighboring areas. The map is rich in geographical and historical data, most significant of which is the hydrographic network and the settlement system with 1020 communities. Borders, especially in disputed areas are also characteristic. The map was drawn in trapeze projection at the scale of approximately 1:1 300 000. There are two groups of methods which can be applied in map research : quantitative and graphic. In this case the graphic method was used. During the analysis of accuracy, average scales for particular areas were established; they turned out to be close to the main scale of 1:1 300 000. Four series of measurements were taken; three of them between communities and the fourth along the meridian. Next, a distortion grid was prepared, basing on a modern map at 1:1 000 000. The analysis of the distortion grid showed, that the map represents 6 differentiated areas, which reflect political boundaries of that time. The highest distortions appear in Moscow lands, the lowest around Vilnius and Kaunas. It was also established, that on Radziwiłł map" Vilnius lies on 42 degree 20' E meridian. Since the longitude of Vilnius is 25 degree 18' E of Greenwich, it can be assumed that meridian 42 degree E on "Radziwiłł map" approximately corresponds to meridian 25 degree E

Territory of Poland and Lithuania in European cartography of the 16th century (an attempt to determine the filiation of printed maps)

W artykule omówiono wykorzystanie polskich map z XVI wieku przez kartografów i wydawców zachodnioeuropejskich. Dokonano oceny źródłoznawczej oraz ustalono filiacje omówionych dzieł kartograficznych.The aim of the article is to present the printed small scale maps of the territory of Poland and Lithuania in the 16th century against the background of the European cartography of that time. Such presentation should help revise and complete the historical image of Poland. For source analysis the following research methods were applied: linguistic analysis (synoptic charts), accuracy analysis (distortion charts) and con-tents analysis (comparison of errors - mainly in water network). Publication of the printed maps of Northern and Southern Sarmatia, covering Eastern Europe, and then the general map of Poland in 1526 were the milestones in the development of cartography of Poland and Lithuania. These maps, authored by Bernard Wapowski, were not distributed in Europe on a mass scale, however they had significant, though indirect influence on how the territory of Poland were presented. General picture of the terrains between Oder and Dnieper, the Baltic and the Carpathians, created by Bernard Wapowski, was later popularized in Western Europe by Gerard Mercator, the outstanding cartographer and publisher. The influence of Wapowski's maps can be seen on Mercator's globe of 1541, and later on his great map of Europe of 1554. The presentation of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was based on the following maps: Poland and Sarmatia by Wapowski (1526), Prussia by Heinrich Zell (1542), Pomerania by Sebastian Munster (1550), Northern Europe by Olaus Magnus (1539) and Anton Wied (1542). Especially the last one, and its adaptations, was used to prepare maps of Central-Eastern Europe until the middle 19th century. Book editions by Sebastian Munster (1540,1544) and Johannes Honter (1542) had significant impact on the credible presentation of the Polish territory in the first half of the 16th century. The map by Wacław Gródecki from 1562, which based on the works of Bernard Wapowski, and its almost identical version from the atlas of Abraham Ortelius (1570), were the most commonly used general 16th century maps of Poland. They were also used by Gerard de Jode in his atlas of 1578, which because of the small number of printed copies reached few readers. Northern territories of Poland were presented basing on separate maps of Prussia by Heinrich Zell (1542) and later Caspar Henneberger (1576). This is particularly evident on the map of Poland by Gerard de Jode, published after 1578 but before 1586. On this map de Jode updated the area of Prussia using the new Henneberger's map of 1576. The above maps were also the basis for correcting the picture of Prussia in many atlases and books. Gerard Mercator's map of Poland and Silesia from 1585 was the next stage in development of the presentation of the country. It was meticulously prepared and had rich topographic contents. It based on the map of Poland by Gerard de Jode from 1578. More details were added basing on the map of Poland by W. Gródecki from 1562 and 1570, the latter edited by A. Ortelius, and the map of European Sarmatia by A. Pograbka (Pograbius) from 1570. The surrounding territories were presented basing on several maps of particular regions: Silesia by M. Helwig (1561), Duchy of Oświęcim and Zator by S. Porębski (1563), Prussia by C. Henneberger (1576). Mercator's map covered the territory of Poland and Silesia, without the Gdańsk Pomerania, Prussia, Western Pomerania and the western part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It became the basie source for a number of maps of Poland from the 17th to the 18th centuries, until the more modern maps of the times of King Stanisław Poniatowski. From all the Polish territories which Mercator worked on the map of Lithuania prepared in 1595 is particularly interesting. It is the first map showing exclusively Lithuania, although in the borders from before the mainly the map of Europę from 1572, and also maps of Poland by W. Gródecki from 1562 or 1570, the map of European Sarmatia by A. Pograbka (1570), Poland and Lithuania (1585) and the map of Lithuanian-Mo-scow border by M. Strubicz (1589). Particular maps were the first to be noticed and used for updating the maps of some regions of Poland. In the case of maps of Europe and the World it was different. Amendments were rarely made and overdue. The great map of Europe by Mercator remained the major influence in the shaping of the maps of the continent

Effect of Application of Different Activation Media on Fertilization and Embryo Survival of Northern Pike, (Esox lucius) under Hatchery Conditions

One of the finfish species that European and North American breeders are most interested in is the northern pike, Esox lucius. Artificial reproduction and the production of viable larvae has a huge impact on further culture. The quality of stripped gametes is highly variable. Therefore, it is important to use gametes with maximum efficiency, which has a direct impact on the amount of stocking material produced and therefore on the economics of production. The aim of this study was to compare northern pike fertilization efficiency, expressed as the survival rate of embryos until hatching. In the first experiment, the highest percentage of hatched embryos was observed in groups of eggs fertilized in a saline diluent prepared with deionized water (after reverse osmosis: group D), at 61.2% and 56.5% in the NaCl5-D and NaCl6-D groups, respectively. The highest percentage of hatched embryos in the second experiment was observed in the egg groups activated with Woynarovich solution (V) at 75.5% and 74.7% for V-D (D—deionized water) and V-T (T—tap water), respectively. In all cases, preparing the activation medium using T versus D water resulted in lower fertilization percentages and lower percentages of hatched larvae. At the same time, two variants (V and B1—Billard solution) were tested during mass spawning in three hatcheries using hatchery water (tap water). The results showed that repeatability was the highest when using activation medium B1

Concentration of a-terpineol and (2-dodecanoyloxyethyl)trimethylammonium bromide required for prevention of air bubble coalescence in aqueous solutions.

Flotation is a widely used process in mineral pro cessing. It utilizes different reagents including, collectors and frothers. It was proposed by Cho and Laskowski to use th e so-called critical coalescence concentration (CCC) for characterization of flotation frothers. In this paper the CCC values were determined for α -terpineol, which is widely used as a frother in laboratory flotation tests, and for (2-dodecanoyloxyethyl)trimethylammonium bromide (DMM-11) which represents a broad family of reagents known as chemodegr adable cationic surfa ctants. The CCC for α -terpineol was found to be 0.16 mmol/dm 3 while for DMM-1, depending of the procedure of approximation, between 0.06 and 0.14 mmol/dm 3

Adsorption properties of selected derivatives of lysosomotropic substances

W pracy zbadano właściwości adsorpcyjne pochodnych substancji lizo-somotropowych. Statyczne i dynamiczne napięcia powierzchniowego zmierzono metodą pierścienia du Noi'iy'a oraz metodą maksymalnego ciśnienia pęcherzyka powietrza. Na podstawie oszacowanych wartości parametrów adsorpcji analizowano korelację pomiędzy strukturą cząsteczek a właściwościami powierzchniowymi badanych pochodnych.Adsorption properties of derivatives of lysosomotropic substances were studied. Static and dynamic surface tension at air/water solution of surfactant were measured by two techniques: du Noiiy ring method and maximum bubble pressure method. On basis of estimated values of adsorption parameters the correlation between chemical structure of derivatives considered and their adsorption properties was analyzed

Fatty acid profiles in marine and freshwater fish from fish markets in northeastern Poland

The fatty acid compositions were studied in eight commercially important fish from fish markets: salmon, Salmo salar L.; cod, Gadus morhua L.; common sole, Solea solea (L.); European flounder, Platichthys flesus (L.); catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell); rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walb.); Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.); and pangasius, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage). The freshwater fish contained 25.69-42.18% saturated, 34.90-43.79% monounsaturated, 8.46-16.32% n-6 polyunsaturated, and 5.01-20.43% n-3 polyunsaturated acid, while marine fish contained 18.53-32.77% saturated, 17.95-49.89% monounsaturated, 3.40-11.51% n-6 polyunsaturated, and 18.74-45.42% n-3 polyunsaturated acid. Marine fish contained significantly more Ʃn-3 PUFA (29.79%), EPA (12.26%), DHA (13.20%), and a higher n-3/n-6 (6.95) ratio than freshwater fish (13.13, 2.47, 7.14, 1.29%) (P≤ 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the n-3/n-6 ratio among fish species (cod (13.40) > sole (8.47) > flounder (4.30) > rainbow trout (2.41) > catfish (1.83) ≈ salmon (1.63) > tilapia (0.57) ≈ pangasius (0.36) (P ≤0.05))