Comparison of the blood vessel complexes of the human and bovine male gonads

The aim of the study was to compare the blood vessel network of the human and bovine male gonads, paying special attention to differences resulting from mediastinum testis localisation. Two groups of specimens were compared. Each group consisted of 50 corrosive die casts of the testicular and spermatic cord vessels of bovine and human gonads respectively. In each group 20 gonads had only the arterial vessels injected, another 20 only the veins, while in 10 gonads both arteries and veins were injected. The die casts were examined with a stereoscopic binocular as well as an optic microscope. The different testicular vascular patterns in humans and bulls were observed. In humans the intratesticular arteries branch off the arterial network of the tunica albuginea and mediastinum testis. The former runs centripetally, the latter centrifugally. Analogically, the intratesticular veins emptying into the tunica albuginea venous network run centrifugally and those emptying into the mediastinum testis plexus run centripetally. In bulls the arterial vessels run centripetally, later forming a helical, screw-like layer to give off centrifugal branches. Venous vessels run centrifugally and empty into the venous plexus of the tunica albuginea

Arterial supply of human and bovine testes: a topographic and morphometric comparison study

The aim of the study was to compare the arteries supplying human and bovine masculine gonads. The study was made on two extremely different types of location of the mediastinum testis. The study was made on 100 (50 human and 50 bovine) corrosive casts of the testicular, cremasteric, and deference duct arteries. The differences between the species included different courses of the testicular artery inside the spermatic duct, the relative size of the three arterial diameters, and the morphology of the anastomoses of the arteries. In human testicular arteries, the course inside the spermatic course was more variable than in that of bulls. The artery was straighter and in 80% of the cases did not form the loops which were present in 100% of the bovine specimens. The bovine testicular artery was significantly wider in relation to the cremasteric and deferens duct arteries than the human one. This finding suggests that collateral blood flow to the testis was less effective in bulls than in men. The human testicular artery directly connected the other two with its terminal branches. The bovine testicular artery connected with the cremasteric and deferens duct arteries indirectly by means of its deferens duct branch. (Folia Morphol 2010; 69, 4: 225-231

Correlation between morphometry of the suprascapular notch and anthropometric measurements of the scapula

The concept of the study was to find the correlation between the morphometry of the suprascapular notch and basic anthropometric measurements of the human scapula. The measurements of the human scapulae included: morphological length and width, maximal width and length projection of scapular spine, length of acromion, and maximal length of the coracoid process. The glenoid cavity was measured in two perpendicular directions to evaluate its width and length. The width-length scapular and glenoid cavity indexes were calculated for every bone. In addition to standard anthropometric measurements two other measurements were defined and evaluated for every suprascapular notch: maximal depth (MD) and superior transverse diameter (STD). The superior transverse suprascapular ligament was completely ossified in 7% of cases. Ten (11.6%) scapulae had a discrete notch. In the studied material, in 21 (24.4%) scapulae the MD was longer than the STD. Two (2.3%) scapulae had equal maximal depth and superior transverse diameter. In 47 (57.7%) scapulae the superior transverse diameter was longer than the maximal depth. There was no statistically significant difference between anthropometric measurements in the group with higher MD and the group with higher STD. The maximal depth of the suprascapular notch negatively correlated with the scapular width-length index. The maximal depth of the scapular notch correlated with the morphological length of the scapulae. (Folia Morphol 2011; 70, 2: 109–115

Topographic and morphometric comparison study of the terminal part of human and bovine testicular arteries

The aim of the study was to compare the terminal parts of testicular artery topography in human and bovine gonads. The study was made on two extremely different types of location of the mediastinum testis. The investigation was carried out on 80 (40 human and 40 bovine) corrosive casts of the testicular arteries. The differences between the species, including the different course of the testicular artery inside the spermatic cord and in the posterior margin of the gonads, were observed. The division of the testicular artery into terminal branches was located in men on the level of the mediastinum testis, and in bulls close to the inferior end of the gonad. The types of terminal division were similar in both groups. In men, the testicular artery course inside the spermatic cord was more variable than in bulls. The artery was straighter, and in 75% of the cases it did not form the loops which were present in 100% of the bovine specimens. The bovine testicular artery in the posterior margin of the testis was longer and had a more variable course than in men