NONINVASIVE ESTIMATION OF CARDIAC PROPERTIES IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSION USING SPECKLE TRACKING ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN GOOD AND POOR CONTROLLED HYPERTENSION

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Application of traditional herbal medicines to suppress the reversion of polio vaccine viruses to the neurovirulent genotype

Background　The oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is regarded as one of the most effective and safest vaccines. However, some paralytic cases have been reported among vaccinees and individuals who have been in contact with vaccinees, because vaccine viruses undergo neurovirulent reversion during repeated replication in the alimentary tract. Moreover, the revertants are excreted with the feces into the environment, and the viruses have caused epidemics of poliomyelitis in the world. Objective　We have reported that Ninjin'yoeito suppressed the reversion of polio vaccine viruses. In this study, to clarify the herbal constituent which takes part in the suppressive effect, we investigated the effect of Ninjinto, which is composed of simpler herbal constituents than Ninjin'yoeito, and of the individual herbal constituents in Ninjinto. Methods　Polio vaccine viruses were serially passaged three times in the presence of herbal medicines in cells derived from the human alimentary tract. The reversion of the passaged viruses was analyzed by the MAPREC and non-RI-modified MAPREC method, designed to estimate the ratio of revertants in a virus population. Results　It was shown that Ninjinto suppressed the reversion of polio vaccine viruses. Although Ginseng Radix and Glycyrrhizae Radix (common herbal constituents in Ninjinto and Ninjin'yoeito) did not show the suppressive effect, the mixture of both herbal constituents was a little inhibitory in regard to the reversion of the viruses. Conclusion　It is quite likely that the suppressive effect on reversion is not a simple process. A complicated interaction of some components of the herbal constituents might take part in the effect. It is expected that traditional herbal medicines like Ninjinto and Ninjin'yoeito will contribute to solving the problems of OPV though further analyses of the herbal constituents and their components are necessary to clarify the mechanism of the suppressive effect.背景　経口生ポリオワクチン(OPV) は、安全性と有効性が高いワクチンである。 しかし、その一方、極めて低い頻度ではあるが、ワクチン被接種者あるいは被接種者に接触した人に、ポリオ(急性灰白髄炎)の発症例が報告されている。これは弱毒ワクチンウイルスが、人の消化管細胞で増殖する過程において、毒力復帰変異を起こすことに起因すると考えられている。 更に、その変異ウイルスが、糞便とともに環境中に排泄されることで、ポリオの新たな流行を世界各地で引き起こし、大きな問題となっている。目的　我々は、和漢薬の一つである人参養栄湯エキスに、ポリオワクチンウイルスの毒力復帰変異に対する抑制効果が見られることを既に報告した。本研究では、人参養栄湯の中の、どのような生薬成分がこの抑制効果に関与しているかを調べるために、人参養栄湯よりも混合(構成)生薬の種類が極端に少ない人参湯エキスについて、更に、人参養栄湯と人参湯の共通構成生薬である人参と甘草の両生薬エキスについて、毒力復帰変異抑制効果の解析を行った。方法　ポリオワクチンウイルスをヒト消化管由来細胞を用いて、人参養栄湯エキス、人参湯エキス、あるいは上記2種の生薬エキスをそれぞれ至敵濃度含有する培地中で、3代継代培養を行った。これら継代ウイルスの毒力復帰変異について、遺伝子レベルでウイルスの毒力（神経毒力）の強さを測定できるMAPREC法、およびMAPREC法の一部を改変した非RI-MAPREC法で解析した。結果　人参湯エキスにも人参養栄湯エキスに近い毒力復帰変異抑制効果が認められたが、人参と甘草の両生薬エキスについては、ほとんど抑制効果は見られなかった。しかし、両生薬エキスを混合して用いることで、若干の抑制効果が認められた。結論　人参養栄湯や人参湯によるポリオワクチンウイルスの毒力復帰変異抑制効果は、単純にどれか1種類の生薬成分によって起きるものではなく、複数の成分による複雑な相互作用が関与している可能性が示唆された。どのような生薬成分が、どのようなメカニズムで毒力復帰変異の抑制を起こすのか、解析を行う必要が残されているが、人参養栄湯や人参湯のような和漢薬は、OPVがもつ問題の解決に大きく貢献することが期待される

Association of bovine fatty acid desaturase 2 gene single-nucleotide polymorphisms with intramuscular fatty acid composition in Japanese black steers

Beef from Japanese Black cattle (JBK), is popular in Japan and valued for its highly marbled fat content. In JBK, genes affecting oleic acid content in meat have been studied mainly to lower the fat melting point and improve tenderness; however, there has been no direct correlation demonstrated between beef taste and oleic acid. To investigate genes affecting other fatty acids other than oleic acid, polymorphisms of the fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) gene were genotyped and associations with fatty acid profile in JBK beef were investigated. Amplifications of 5'-flanking regions, 12 exons, and 3'-untranslated regions of the FADS2 gene in three Japanese and five Western cattle breeds via PCR, were amplified, sequenced and SNPs were identified using specific TaqMan genotyping assay. Fatty acid composition of intramuscular adipose tissue of the Trapezius muscle was analyzed in JBK steers. Six of the 15 identified SNPs are novel and have never been registered in any public bovine SNP database. A non-synonymous SNP (rs211580559; C > T; 294 Ala > Val) in exon 7 was examined in order to evaluate its association with fatty acid profiles. The data showed that highly significant association existed between rs211580559 and C18:2 (n-6) composition, and accounted for 22.3% of the variation. There were no significant relationships between rs2115-80559 and the other fatty acids. It was concluded that rs211580559 of the FADS2 gene may be a useful selection marker for reducing unfavorable volatiles generated from linoleic acid in JBK beef during the cooking process