The impact of raw material composition and technological process on the metal content in chocolate and spread products

Konditorska industrije Srbije u svom asortimanu sadrži široku paletu čokoladnih i krem proizvoda, kojima su zajednička sirovinska baza kakao zrno, kakao maslac, namenske biljne masti, kakao prah i šeder, čiji kvalitet direkno utiče na ponašanje tokom proizvodnje kao i na kvalitet finalnih proizvoda. Tehnološki postupak proizvodnje, koji podrazumeva različite uslove mlevenja direkno utiče na kvalitet poluproizvoda (kakao mase, čokoladne mase i masnog punjenja) kao i na kvalitet gotovog proizvoda (čokolada i krem proizvodi). Metali izuzetno nepovoljno utiču na zdravlje potrošača i na kvalitet, održivost i senzorske osobine konditorskih proizvoda. Pradenje prisustva teških metala, i uopšte metala, u ovoj vrsti proizvoda je veoma značajno zbog njihove toksičnosti i bioakumulacije. U okviru ove disertacije su ispitani uzorci kakao i čokoladnih proizvoda, koji su prisutni u slobodnoj prodaji na tržištu Srbije, čime se dobio pregled trenutnog stanja kontaminacije ove vrste proizvoda teškim metalima. Takođe je ispitan i uticaj sirovinskog sastava i tehnološkog postupka proizvodnje na sadržaj teških metala i metala uopšte (olova, kadmijuma, arsena, nikla, bakra, gvožđa) u poluproizvodima (kakao masa, čokoladna masa, masno punjenje) i gotovim proizvodima (čokolada, krem proizvod).The confectionery industry of Serbia includes a wide variety of chocolate and spread products, which contain common raw materials such as cocoa beans, cocoa butter, edible vegetable fats, cocoa powder and sugar. The quality of those raw materials directly affects the behavior during production as well as the quality of the final products. Technological process, which involves different milling conditions directly affect the quality of semi-finished products (cocoa mass, chocolate mass and fat filling mass) and the quality of the final product (chocolate and cream products). Metals extremely adversely affect the health of consumers and the quality, shelf life and sensory properties of confectionery products. Monitoring the presence of heavy metals, and metals in general, in this type of product is very important because of their toxicity and bioaccumulation. This dissertation examined the samples of cocoa and chocolate products, which are present in commercially available market of Serbia, which provided an overview of the current situation of contamination of these products with heavy metals. It also examined the influence of raw material composition and technological process of production on the content of heavy metals and metals in general (lead, cadmium, arsenic, nickel, copper, iron) in semi products (cocoa mass, chocolate mass, fat filling) and final products (chocolate and spread products)

Application of Non-Contact Methods for 3D Digitization of Sculpture and Watermark Embedding for Protecting a 3D Virtual Model from Abuse

Ovo istraživanje ima za cilj kreiranje pristupa za zaštitu virtuelnih 3D modela od zloupotrebe dostupnih širokom auditorijumu na internetu. Pristup predložen u istraživanju je primenjen na skulpturi, izabranom objektu od istorijskog značaja. Zasniva se na 3D digitalizaciji skulpture koja je izmenjena dodavanjem lokalnih detalja od gline, a koje je predložio vajar i na deljenju na internetu 3D virtuelnog modela dobijenog digitalizacijom skulpture sa ugrađenim zaštitnim elementom. Detalji od gline ugrađeni u skulpturu su asimetrični i diskretni da budu neprimetni prosečnom posmatraču. Originalna skulptura je takođe 3D digitalizovana i generisan je njen 3D model. Dobijeni 3D modeli su upoređeni i izmereno je odstupanje geometrije kako bi se utvrdilo u kojoj meri je ugrađeni zaštitni element neprimetan za prosečnog posmatrača, ali i da se taj element može detektovati i po potrebi ukloniti sa 3D modela sa ugrađenom zaštitom.This research aims to suggest an approach for protecting virtual 3D models from abuse while making them available on the Internet. The proposed approach was applied to a sculpture, an object of cultural heritage. It is based on the digitization of the sculpture altered by adding local clay details proposed by the sculptor and on sharing on the Internet a 3D model obtained by digitizing the sculpture with a built-in error. The clay details embedded in the sculpture are asymmetrical and discreet to be unnoticeable to an average observer. The original sculpture was also digitized and its 3D model created. The obtained 3D models were compared and the geometry deviation was measured to determine that the embedded error was invisible to an average observer and that the built-in error can be extracted

Application of Non-Contact Methods for 3D Digitization of Sculpture and Watermark Embedding for Protecting a 3D Virtual Model from Abuse

Ovo istraživanje ima za cilj kreiranje pristupa za zaštitu virtuelnih 3D modela od zloupotrebe dostupnih širokom auditorijumu na internetu. Pristup predložen u istraživanju je primenjen na skulpturi, izabranom objektu od istorijskog značaja. Zasniva se na 3D digitalizaciji skulpture koja je izmenjena dodavanjem lokalnih detalja od gline, a koje je predložio vajar i na deljenju na internetu 3D virtuelnog modela dobijenog digitalizacijom skulpture sa ugrađenim zaštitnim elementom. Detalji od gline ugrađeni u skulpturu su asimetrični i diskretni da budu neprimetni prosečnom posmatraču. Originalna skulptura je takođe 3D digitalizovana i generisan je njen 3D model. Dobijeni 3D modeli su upoređeni i izmereno je odstupanje geometrije kako bi se utvrdilo u kojoj meri je ugrađeni zaštitni element neprimetan za prosečnog posmatrača, ali i da se taj element može detektovati i po potrebi ukloniti sa 3D modela sa ugrađenom zaštitom.This research aims to suggest an approach for protecting virtual 3D models from abuse while making them available on the Internet. The proposed approach was applied to a sculpture, an object of cultural heritage. It is based on the digitization of the sculpture altered by adding local clay details proposed by the sculptor and on sharing on the Internet a 3D model obtained by digitizing the sculpture with a built-in error. The clay details embedded in the sculpture are asymmetrical and discreet to be unnoticeable to an average observer. The original sculpture was also digitized and its 3D model created. The obtained 3D models were compared and the geometry deviation was measured to determine that the embedded error was invisible to an average observer and that the built-in error can be extracted

ANALIZA VRIJEDNOSNIH LANACA ZA PRODAJU VOĆA I POVRĆA

Agricultural products are bought for personal consumption or for further production. Fruit and vegetables are an important sector of agricultural production in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as they ensure population food suffi ciency as well as income for rural farms. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the market supply chain of fruit and vegetables is short, which means that the products are sold near the production site or at local markets. Longer market chains are largely not represented because the producers remain passive and have no contractual relationship with wholesalers and retailers. Th e main objective of the paper is to identify and analyze the production and sales sectors of fruit and vegetables in B&H, as well as to improve the market supply chain through the proposed application of modern management methods. Th e data in this research were collected through a survey of agricultural producers (primary sources of information) as well as by conducting an analysis of secondary data sources (scientifi c and professional literature, data of offi cial statistics). Th e following research methods were used: survey method, descriptive method, methods of analysis and synthesis, method of comparison. As a challenge in managing and establishing a more effi cient market chain, the question arises of how to include small producers into the modern market chain.Poljoprivredni proizvodi se kupuju za osobne potrošnje ili kao sredstvo za daljnju proizvodnju. Voće i povrće su važan sektor poljoprivredne proizvodnje Bosne i Hercegovine, jer opskrbljuje stanovništvo dostatnom hranom a ruralna gospodarstava zaradom. U Bosni i Hercegovini je opskrbni lanac tržišta voća i povrća kratak što znači da se proizvodi prodaju u blizini mjesta proizvodnje ili na lokalnim tržištima. Duži lanci opskrbe na tržištu nisu u tolikoj mjeri zastupljeni zbog pasivnosti proizvođača i nepostojanja ugovorne suradnju sa trgovcima na veliko i malo. Osnovni cilj ovoga rada je identificiranje i analiza proizvodnje i prodaje voća i povrća u BiH, te prijedlog primjene suvremenih menadžerskih metoda u cilju poboljšanja njihova lanca opskrbe. Podaci za ovo istraživanje prikupljeni su pomoću anketnog upitnika upućenog poljoprivrednim proizvođačima (primarnih izvora informacija), kao i analizom sekundarnih izvora podataka (znanstvene i stručne literature, podaci službene statistike). Pri istraživanju koristile su se slijedeće metode: metoda anketiranja, metoda analize i sinteze, metoda deskripcije i metoda uspoređivanja. Kao izazov u upravljanju i uspostave učinkovitijeg tržišnog lanca, postavlja se pitanje kako uključiti male proizvođače u suvremene tržišne lance

Mehanička svojstva i dugotrajna stabilnost novih lipidnih formulacija sa simvastatinom

Mixing selected liquid SMEDDS with polymethacrylate polymers (Eudragit ®) led to solidification of the samples to form solid, ductile, transparent systems (1). The purpose of this study was to define mechanical properties and long-term stability of novel simvastatin- loaded SMEDDS-based drug delivery systems. SMEDDS-based formulations were prepared by adding liquid SMEDDS (10% oleoyl macrogol-6 glycerides and 90% caprylocaproyl macrogol-8 glycerides/macrogol-15-hydroxystearate, in 3 ratios: 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1) to Eudragit ® S100 or Eudragit ® S100/Eudragit ® L100 combination (in 1:1 ratio), until SMEDDS/polymer ratio 2:1 w/w was reached. SMEDDS-based formulations with simvastatin (SV) were prepared by dissolving SV (5%) into liquid SMEDDS and mixing with polymethacrylate polymers in the same ratio. Prepared formulations were evaluated in terms of their mechanical properties and long-term stability. The results indicated that the increase in the caprylocaproyl macrogol-8 glycerides concentration resulted in higher penetration force (F1 S100–F3 S100 = 5.83-7.22 N and F1 SL100-F3 SL100 = 4.20-5.99 N). However, addition of SV was negatively correlated with the hardness, i.e. samples with SV were softer in comparison to unloaded samples. Moreover, it was noticeable that formulations with Eudragit ® S100 had greater penetration force values compared to formulations containing Eudragit ® S100/Eudragit ® L100. After six months of storage at room and elevated temperature, only slight decrease in SV content (less than 5%) was observed in these samples. This study demonstrated that novel SMEDDS-based formulations with higher concentration of caprylocaproyl macrogol-8 glycerides and those with Eudragit ® S100 were more robust, which may further serve as a guide for formulating tailor-made formulations.Mešanje odabranih tečnih samomikroemulgujućih sistema (SMEDDS) sa kopolimerima metakrilne kiseline (Eudragit ® ) dovodi do očvršćavanja uzoraka i formiranja čvrstih, rastegljivih, transparentnih sistema (1). Cilj ovog rada je bio ispitivanje mehaničkih svojstva i dugotrajne stabilnosti novih lipidnih sistema sa simvastatinom (SV). Lipidne formulacije su izrađene mešanjem tečnih SMEDDS (10% oleoil makrogol-6 glicerida i 90% kaprilokaproil makrogol-8 glicerida/makrogol-15-hidroksistearat, u 3 odnosa: 1:1, 2:1 i 3:1) i Eudragit ® S100 ili kombinacije Eudragit ® S100/Eudragit ® L100 (u odnosu 1:1). Odnos SMEDDS/polimer bio je 2:1, m/m. Uzorci sa SV su izrađeni rastvaranjem SV (5%) u tečnim SMEDDS i mešanjem sa kopolimerima metakrilne kiseline u navedenom odnosu. Sprovedena su ispitivanja mehaničkih osobina i dugotrajne stabilnosti izrađenih lipidnih formulacija. Rezultati su pokazali da povećanje koncentracije kaprilokaproil makrogol-8 glicerida dovodi do povećanja vrednosti sile penetracije (F1 S100–F3 S100 = 5,83-7,22 N i F1 SL100-F3 SL100 = 4,20-5,99 N). Uzorci sa SV su bili mekši, u poređenju sa uzorcima bez lekovite supstance. Takođe, uočeno je da uzorci sa polimerom Eudragit ® S100 imaju već e vrednosti sile penetracije, u poređenju sa formulacijama koje sadrže kombinaciju Eudragit ® S100/Eudragit ® L100. Posle šest meseci skladištenja uzoraka na sobnoj i povišenoj temperaturi, sadržaj SV je neznatno smanjen (manje od 5%). Ova studija je pokazala da nove lipidne formulacije izrađene sa većom koncentracijom kaprilokaproil makrogol-8 glicerida i sa Eudragit ® S100 polimerom imaju veće vrednosti sile penetracije i prihvatljivu dugotrajnu stabilnost, što je od značaja za razvoj lipidnih formulacija željenih karakteristika.VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 12-15.10.2022. Beogra

Ispitivanje uticaja postupka izrade i faktora formulacije na kritična svojstva kvaliteta tankih oralnih filmova

Thin films are relatively new drug forms, which contain one or more active substances, dispersed or adsorbed on a polymeric carrier (1). The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of the preparation and formulation factors on film critical quality attributes. Films were prepared by solvent-casting and 3D printing of dispersion on a Ultimaker 2+. Dispersion consisted of hydroxypropylcellulose with or without the addition of sodium-alginate. Caffeine and ibuprofen were used as model drugs. The films were characterized in terms of mass, thickness, moisture content (LJ16-Moisture Analizer) and mechanical characteristics (EZ-LKS-Table-TopMachine). Obtained results indicate that 3D films had higher mass and thickness compared to casted films, except for hydroxypropylcellulose/sodium alginate/caffeine sample (37.6 and 59.0 mg/cm2 ; 526 and 642 μm). High content of dispersed substances can cause a change in polymer drying behavior, which is reflected in film characteristics. Dissolving ibuprofen in the initial dispersion, led to film increased elasticity and decreased tensile strength, negatively affecting handling and stickiness of the films prepared by either method. Differences between methods were most pronounced in films with dispersed caffeine or sodium- alginate. Sodium-alginate generally decreased, and caffeine increased flexibility. The preparation process did not affect the moisture content in samples, although the polymer drying differed between two preparation methods. Increased moisture content was generally accompanied by decreased flexibility, except for samples with ibuprofen. Obtained results indicate significant effects of the formulation process and composition on the film characteristics. Dissolved or dispersed substance content in formulation should be adapted to the chosen preparation method.Tanki oralni filmovi predstavljaju noviji farmaceutski oblik leka, koji sadrži jednu ili više aktivnih supstanci dispergovanih ili adsorbovanih na polimernom nosaču (1). Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitivanje uticaja postupka izrade i faktora formulacije na kritična svojstva kvaliteta filmova. Filmovi su izrađivani izlivanjem disperzije u kalupe ili metodom 3D štampe (Ultimaker 2+). Disperzija se sastojala od hidroksipropilceluloze, sa ili bez dodatka natrijum- alginata. Model aktivne supstance bile su kofein i ibuprofen. Karakterizacija filmova obuhvatila je određivanje mase, debljine, udela vlage (LJ16-MoistureAnalyzer) i mehaničkih karakteristika (EZ-LX-Table-TopMachine). Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da su 3D štampani filmovi imali veću masu i debljinu u odnosu na izlivene filmove, osim u slučaju uzorka hidroksipropilceluloza/natrijum-alginat/kofein (37,6 i 59,0 mg/cm 2; 526 i 642 μm). Visok udeo dispergovanih supstanci u uzorku može uzrokovati promenu u ponašanju polimera prilikom sušenja što se odražava na karakteristike filmova. Rastvaranje ibuprofena dovelo je do povećanja elastičnosti i smanjenja zatezne čvrstine filmova u slučaju oba postupka izrade, što je imalo negativan efekat na lakoću rukovanja i lepljivost. Postupak izrade imao je najveći uticaj na karakteristike filmova sa natrijum-alginatom i filmova koji su sadržali kofein. Natrijum-alginat je generalno smanjivao, a kofein povećavao fleksibilnost filmova. Postupak izrade nije imao uticaj na udeo vlage, iako je sušenje filmova bilo značajno različito kod ova dva postupka. Povećanje udela vlage uglavnom je pratilo smanjenje fleksibilnosti filmova, osim kod uzoraka sa ibuprofenom. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na značajan uticaj postupka izrade i sastava formulacije na karakteristike tankih filmova. Udeo rastvorenih ili dispergovanih supstanci u formulaciji moraju biti prilagođeni odabranom postupku izrade.VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 12-15.10.2022. Beogra

Analysis of secondary structure within sgm and kgmB mRNA

Sgm methyltransferase from Micromonospora zionensis and KgmB methyltransferase from Streptoalloteichus tenebrarius are resistant to aminoglycoside antibiotics as a result of their ability to specifically methylate G1405 within the bacterial 16S rRNA A-site. The (C)CGCCC motif, assumed to be a regulatory sequence responsible for the autoregulation of the sgm gene, could most likely also be responsible for the autoregulation of the kgmB gene. This sequence, found within the 5' untranslated region of both sgm and kgmB mRNAs, as indicated by in silico prediction, may be involved in the formation of a specific stem-loop structure. Sgm and KgmB are mutually down-regulated and it is likely that they share the same cis-acting elements. Structure probing experiments confirmed the existence of a stable secondary structure within the 5' UTR of the sgm mRNA, while the analysis of kgmB mRNA failed to confirm the predicted structure.

Analysis of secondary structure within sgm and kgmB mRNA

Sgm metiltransferaza iz soja Micromonospora zionensis i KgmB metiltransferaza iz soja Streptoalloteichus tenebrarius ostvaruju rezistenciju na aminoglikozidne antibiotike metilacijom nukleotida na poziciji G1405 u okviru A mesta na 16S rRNK. Smatra se da je za autoregulaciju sgm gena odgovoran (C)CCGCCC motiv. Najverovatnije je ista sekvenca odgovorna i za autoregulaciju kgmB gena. Po kompjuterskoj predikciji, ovaj motiv, lociran u 5' netranslatirajućem regionu iRNK molekula oba gena, bi mogao učestvovati u formiranju sekundarne strukture tipa ukosnice. Kako Sgm i KgmB metiltransferaze jedna drugu autoregulišu, moguće je da prepoznaju iste cis elemente u iRNK molekulima. Eksperimenti ispitivanja strukture su, s jedne strane potvrdili prisustvo stabilne sekundarne strukture u okviru 5' netranslatirajućeg regiona iRNK molekula sgm gena, a sa druge, nisu dokazali postojanje modelovane sekundarne strukture u iRNK molekulu kgmB gena.Sgm methyltransferase from Micromonospora zionensis and KgmB methyltransferase from Streptoalloteichus tenebrarius are resistant to aminoglycoside antibiotics as a result of their ability to specifically methylate G1405 within the bacterial 16S rRNA A-site. The (C)CGCCC motif, assumed to be a regulatory sequence responsible for the autoregulation of the sgm gene, could most likely also be responsible for the autoregulation of the kgmB gene. This sequence, found within the 5' untranslated region of both sgm and kgmB mRNAs, as indicated by in silico prediction, may be involved in the formation of a specific stem-loop structure. Sgm and KgmB are mutually down-regulated and it is likely that they share the same cis-acting elements. Structure probing experiments confirmed the existence of a stable secondary structure within the 5' UTR of the sgm mRNA, while the analysis of kgmB mRNA failed to confirm the predicted structure