Technical Characteristics of Incunabulum in Europe

Incunabula are printed materials created in Europe from the time of Johann Gutenberg\u27s invention until 1500. Incunabula originate from the Latin language (lat. Incunabulum) and mean cradle or the beginning of something. In this paper, the representation of individual states and cities in the creation of incunabula is investigated and presented. The persons responsible for such development are also listed. Special attention is given to the presentation of Croatian incunabula. The mentioned works describe the characteristic features. Incunabula testify to a high level of culture, standards, and technological development of a particular area. The studied works reveal and confirm, as confirmed in this paper, the attitude of society towards literacy, education, and the national culture of each nation. This paper aims to comprehensively present the importance of incunabula for the development of European and Croatian culture, technological and comprehensive progress

Ecologically Sustainable Printing: Aspects of Printing Materials

Development of non-wood fibers has been one of strategies to ensure a sustainable fiber supply, including plantation management, reforestation and recycling. Some of alternative fibers are algae that can be used as raw material for papermaking. The Shiro Alga Carta papers made from algae in combination with Forest Stewardship Council certified fibers (FSC - fibers) were used for this research. Three offset inks were used in printing: vegetable-based inks with different amount of renewable raw materials and mineral oil - based ink. Three series of prints were made: non-varnished, varnished with water-based dispersion, and varnished with UV cured varnish. The possibility of reusing fibers was determined by methods of re-pulping (loop I, loop II, loop III). The vegetable based ink toward improved structure give bather results in terms of brightness, ink content and dirt count and area compared with the mineral oil-based ink. Something lower brightness gain and ΔERIC is obtained with water-based dispersion overprint samples. The lowest results are obtained for samples overprinted with UV cured varnish. The results of the research contribute to the explanation of paper/ink/varnish interaction on the reuse of the fibers, which takes into the area of the ecological sustainable development

Design of Information Visualizations in the Internet of Nano-Things Air Quality Systems

Today\u27s age is characterized by large amount of information that surrounds us in which visual information plays a significant role. Nanosensor air quality measurement systems that use Internet of Nano-Things technology enable the collection of big data. Ease of display and storage of information that the user can easily interpret are imperative in designing a visual interface. Only a good combination of visual elements complemented by data and map display will contribute to the clarity of the processed data. This paper will give an overview of the factors that affect the excellence of the transmission of visual information. Ways of presenting visualizations of air quality data measured by IoNT systems will be discussed through descriptive and empirical analysis of visualizations. A special emphasis is on the review of existing practices and principles, and the possibilities of visual presentation of information in this area will be explained through the discussion

Flexographic Printing and Integral Approach to Pollution Prevention and Control

The awareness of environmental, economic and sociological problems is rising. The purpose of such an approach is to reconcile industrial development with environmental capacities. This approach to environmental protection dates back to the time when the devastation of environment brought on by human factor, the intensification of production process and a build-up of harmful pollutants first became visible. The measures aiming at protecting the environment are a part of the organization system within the production. They are carried out by means of the bat-Best Available Techniques and are based on contemporary technology, which guarantee a high degree of environmental, energetic and economic efficiency

OSMIŠLJAVANJE I IZRADA KARTONSKE AMBALAŽE ZA BOBIČASTO VOĆE

The production of packaging products is experiencing annual growth. Packaging is made from a broad spectrum of materials with different properties. The European Union adopted Directive (EU) 2019/904 on reducing and preventing the environmental impact of certain plastic products. This directive aims to encourage a circular economy among consumers and producers by ensuring that single-use plastic products are not be placed on the market when suitable and affordable, more sustainable alternatives are available. Despite regulations, disposable plastic packaging for food products remains prevalent in the market. This research focused on disposable packaging for berries. A conceptual solution was devised from sustainable material suited for the food industry, alongside creating a product prototype. Additionally, a comparative visual study was conducted to evaluate the storage quality of berries in different packaging solutions. The study also included a of a survey, to assess participants\u27 awareness of the environmental impact of plastic packaging and to identify preferences for more sustainable alternatives. The presence of numerous packaging solutions can leave consumers uncertain about the most sustainable packaging.Proizvodnja ambalažnih proizvoda raste na godišnjoj razini. Ambalaža se izrađuje iz širokog spektra materijala različitih svojstava. Europska unija donijela je Direktivu (EU) 2019/904 o smanjenju i sprječavanju utjecaja određenih plastičnih proizvoda na okoliš. Direktiva želi promicati kružno gospodarstvo kod potrošača i proizvođača kako na tržište ne bi došli plastični proizvodi za jednokratnu uporabu ukoliko su dostupne odgovarajuće i cjenovno pristupačne održivije alternative. Na tržištu je često prisutna jednokratna plastična ambalaža za prehrambene proizvode. U ovom istraživanju proučavana je jednokratna ambalaža namijenjena bobičastom voću. Osmišljeno je idejno rješenje od održivog materijala namijenjenog prehrambenoj industriji te je izrađen prototip proizvoda. Provedeno je usporedno vizualno istraživanje kvalitete skladištenja bobičastog voća te anketno istraživanje, kojim je dan uvid u poznavanje ispitanika o temama vezanim za štetnost plastične ambalaže te prepoznavanje njezinih održivijih inačica. Razna ambalažna rješenja mogu zbuniti kupce koji često nisu informirani o najodrživijim vrstama ambalaže

Primjena metode za odvajanje frakcija iz papirne pulpe

Održivost proizvodnih procesa postao je imperativ u 21. stoljeću. Papirna industrija sustavno doprinosi razvoju tehnoloških procesa koji smanjuju negativan utjecaj na okoliš kao što je zatvaranje kružnog toka procesnih voda, ne korištenje klora i spojeva kolora u procesu bijeljenja celuloze, reciklaža papira i drugo. Reciklaža papira značajan je izvor kvalitetne sirovine uz kontrolu proizvodnog procesa papirne pulpe. Kvaliteta papirne pulpe smanjuje se uz prisutnost ljepljivih čestica (sticky) i čestica nečistoća (shive) u pulpi zbog kojih dolazi do začepljenja na stroju za papir, prekida u proizvodnji, smanjene kvalitete papira, gužvanja papira, smanjenje kvalitete otiska i drugog. Iz spomenutih razloga važna je kontrola broja i površine ljepljivih čestica i čestica nečistoća, ali i određivanje njihovog položaja na listu papira. Kako bi se odvojile spomenute frakcije iz papirne pulpe može se koristiti uređaj za odvajanje frakcija iz papirne pulpe tipa Somerville. Razvoj i primjena spomenute referentne metode biti će tema ovog rada

Primjena metode za odvajanje frakcija iz papirne pulpe

Održivost proizvodnih procesa postao je imperativ u 21. stoljeću. Papirna industrija sustavno doprinosi razvoju tehnoloških procesa koji smanjuju negativan utjecaj na okoliš kao što je zatvaranje kružnog toka procesnih voda, ne korištenje klora i spojeva kolora u procesu bijeljenja celuloze, reciklaža papira i drugo. Reciklaža papira značajan je izvor kvalitetne sirovine uz kontrolu proizvodnog procesa papirne pulpe. Kvaliteta papirne pulpe smanjuje se uz prisutnost ljepljivih čestica (sticky) i čestica nečistoća (shive) u pulpi zbog kojih dolazi do začepljenja na stroju za papir, prekida u proizvodnji, smanjene kvalitete papira, gužvanja papira, smanjenje kvalitete otiska i drugog. Iz spomenutih razloga važna je kontrola broja i površine ljepljivih čestica i čestica nečistoća, ali i određivanje njihovog položaja na listu papira. Kako bi se odvojile spomenute frakcije iz papirne pulpe može se koristiti uređaj za odvajanje frakcija iz papirne pulpe tipa Somerville. Razvoj i primjena spomenute referentne metode biti će tema ovog rada

Carbon Footprint - Application in Graphic Art Technology

The need for more sustainable products and processes has triggered the development of a large number of environmental assessment tools. These tools measure environmental performance and identify improvement potentials from the environmental point of view. The life cycle assessment (lca) methods take into account all effects on the environment, direct and indirect resource inputs and/or emissions during the whole life cycle of products. The carbon footprint is a sub-set of data covered by life cycle assessment. The aim of this paper is to describe the potential environmental impacts (greenhouse gases, carbon footprint) of printed paper and new media

Influence of UV curing varnish coating on surface properties of paper

U svrhu postizanja boljih svojstava tiskovne je podloge moguće oplemenjivati na različite načine. U ovom radu analizira se mogućnost oplemenjivanja s različitom površinskom pokrivenošću lakova koji se suše UV zračenjem, pri čemu su korištena tri karakteristična papira (papir za umjetnički tisak gloss, offsetni papir i kalandriran papir). Primijenjene metode su bazirane na mjerenju optičkih svojstava lakom impregnirane površine (obojenje, sjaj i glatkoća), kao i na određivanju fizikalnog svojstva upojnosti. Dvojne osobine papirnih podloga dobivaju se nanosom UV laka koji suši LED svjetlošću. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da se kod gloss premazanog papira upojnost smanjuje nanosom UV laka, dok se kod nepremazanih papira (offsetni, kalandrirani) upojnost povećava. Nanos laka s manjom površinskom pokrivenošću (33 % UV laka) nije relevantntna za upojnost i optička svojstva naravnih papira. Značajne promjene u hrapavosti i optičkim svojstava postižu se 66 % nanosom, što je posebice vidljivo kod papira za umjetnički tisak.In order to achieve better properties of the printing substrates their improving is possible in various ways. In this article the possibility of the substrate improving is analyzed with different surface coverage of varnishes cured by UV radiation, where three characteristic kinds of paper were used (fine art glossy paper, offset paper and calendered paper). The applied methods are based on measuring the optical properties with the varnish impregnated surface (colouring, gloss, smoothness), as well as determining the physical property of absorbency. Double properties of the printing substrates are obtained by the layer of UV varnish which is cured by LED light. The investigation results show that the absorbency decreases on gloss coated paper by the application of UV varnish coating, while it increases on uncoated paper (offset and calendered paper). The varnish coating with smaller coverage (33 % UV varnish) is not relevant for the absorbency and for optical properties of the natural paper. Important changes in roughness and optical properties are achieved with 66 % coating which is especially visible on fine art paper