35 research outputs found
UÄestalost i distribucija radiografskih promjena u regiji prstiju rasplodnih bikova bez znakova hromosti
Joint disease has a high correlation with bull reproductive failure at semen collection centers or in natural breeding programs. The majority of changes involve the digital region, with various etiologies and pathomorphologies. An X-ray examination is often indicated, but has not become a routine procedure in bovine practice. The aim of our research was to determine radiographically visible changes in the digital region and determine their anatomical distribution in stud bulls that do not show clinical signs of lameness. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in vivo radiographic study of the digital region in Simmental stud bulls. The study included 30 adult Simmental stud bulls in breeding condition. Five (16.66%) bulls had no changes on their digits, and 25 (83.33%) had different groups of changes on their digits. The anatomical site of occurrence and the frequency of pathological changes on each individual digit were determined. In 76% of bulls, changes are visible on both the forelimbs and hindlimbs. Mostly radiographic findings of changes in the digital region in stud bulls without clinical signs of the disease correspond to chronic degenerative changes in their bones and joints, but they do not have any significant influence on the health status or semen production of stud bulls. However, the distribution of radiographic findings in these stud bulls does not correspond with the previously described distribution in other categories of cattle.Bolesti zglobova pokazuju visoki stupanj povezanosti s poremeÄajima u reprodukciji rasplodnih bikova od kojih se u centrima za umjetno osjemenjivanje prikuplja sperma ili služe u programima za prirodni pripust. VeÄina promjena na zglobovima pojavljuje se u regiji prstiju, a ukljuÄuje patomorfoloÅ”ke promjene razliÄite etiologije. Za dijagnostiku navedenih promjena vrlo je Äesto indicirana radioloÅ”ka pretraga, koja joÅ” uvijek nije rutinska metoda u radu s govedima. Cilj je ovog istraživanja bio utvrditi radioloÅ”ki vidljive promjene u podruÄju prstiju i njihovu anatomsku distribuciju u rasplodnih bikova koji ne pokazuju znakove hromosti. Koliko nam je poznato, ovo je prvo in vivo radioloÅ”ko istraživanje regije prstiju u rasplodnih bikova simentalske pasmine. UkljuÄeno je 30 odraslih bikova u rasplodnoj kondiciji. Kod 5 bikova (16,66 %) nisu pronaÄene rendgenski vidljive promjene, a kod 25 (83,33 %) pronaÄene su etioloÅ”ki razliÄite promjene. Za svaku promjenu definirana je njezina anatomska pozicija nakon Äega je utvrÄena uÄestalost patoloÅ”kih promjena na pojedinaÄnim prstima. Vidljive promjene na prednjim i stražnjim ekstremitetima opažene se kod 76% istraženih bikova. VeÄina rendgenski vidljivih promjena u regiji prstiju rasplodnih bikova bez znakova hromosti vezana je uz kroniÄna degenerativna stanja na kostima i zglobovima. Važno je napomenuti da promjene nisu znatnije utjecale na zdravstveno stanje i proizvodnju sperme bikova te da se distribucija promjena u regiji njihovih prstiju razlikuje od prije opisanih promjena u ostalih kategorija goveda
The most common causes of infertility in dairy cow
Posljednjih nekoliko desetljeÄa poveÄana je proizvodnja mlijeka Å”to je praÄeno smanjenom plodnoÅ”Äu mlijeÄnih krava. Äimbenici koji najviÅ”e utjeÄu na reproduktivnu uÄinkovitost jesu genetika, hranidba, otkrivanje estrusa i metaboliÄki poremeÄaji. Zbog poveÄanja genetske osnove za proizvodnju mlijeka poveÄani su i hranidbeni zahtjevi. Nedostatna hranidba tijekom peripartalnog razdoblja poveÄava rizik od metaboliÄkih poremeÄaja, uzrokuje pad tjelesne kondicije i izraženiji negativni energetski balans. S druge strane visok unos suhe tvari poveÄava brzinu metabolizma steroidnih hormona Å”to Äesto dovodi do tihog tjeranja i smanjene izraženosti vanjskih znakova estrusa. Redovito rasploÄivanje ovisi o normalnoj funkciji jajnika. Kako bi rasploÄivanje bilo uspjeÅ”no, krava mora pokazati vanjske znakove estrusa, ovulirati, koncipirati, održati razvoj embrija tijekom gravidnosti i na kraju se oteliti. Nakon poroÄaja mora doÄi do povratka cikliÄne aktivnosti jajnika i obnove funkcije maternice.Fertility in dairy cows has declined in recent decades as milk production per cow has increased. Factors crucial to dairy herd reproductive performance are genetics, nutrition, mating management and metabolic disease. Due to the increase in genetic merit for milk production, nutritional demand has increased. Poor nutrition during the prepartum period can lead to cows at calving being more susceptible to increased metabolic disorders, body condition score loss and a more severe negative energy balance. On the other hand, high dry matter intake increases the metabolic clearance rate of steroid hormones and this can lead to periods of suboestrus and decrease oestrus detection efficiency. Regular breeding depends upon the normal function of the ovaries. In order to breed regularly, cows have to display oestrus behaviour, ovulate, conceive, sustain the embryo through gestation, calve, and after calving the cow needs to resume ovarian activity and have uterine function restored
Utjecaj tjelesne kondicije na metaboliÄke serumske pokazatelje u burske koze prije i nakon jarenja
In goats, during the puerperal period, a lack of energy is one of the most frequent causes of sudden metabolic changes and the consequent reproductive disorders. The aim of our study was to assess the influence of the body condition on the serum profile of metabolites such as: total proteins (TP), albumin (ALB), triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (CHOL), glucose (GLU) and Ī²-hydroxybutirate (BHB) in Boer goats during late pregnancy (Day 120), at parturition (Day 0) as well as on Days 30 and 60 after parturition. A total of 15 female Boer goats (does), from a commercial farm in north western Croatia were used. The body condition status of the goats was established using the standard protocol for scoring. Based on the body condition score (BCS), each doe was categorized into one of three groups: group 1 (n = 5) or obese does with BCS ā„3.50-5.00, group 2 (n = 5) or medium does with BCS ā„2.75<3.50 and group 3 (n = 5) or thin does with BCS <2.75. The concentrations of serum TP, ALB, TG, CHOL, GLU and BHB were measured spectrophotometrically. On Day 120 of pregnancy the level of TG was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the obese does than the medium does. The levels of TP or CHOL were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the obese than in the thin does on Day 30 and Day 60, respectively, following parturition. The recorded changes in the metabolites tested could be of significance for monitoring the metabolic status of goats during intensive production, and of practical interest for preventing/controlling economic losses in goat breeding.U koze tijekom puerperija nedostatak energije predstavlja jedan od najÄeÅ”Äih uzroka iznenadnih metaboliÄkih promjena i posljediÄnih reprodukcijskih poremeÄaja. Cilj naÅ”eg istraživanja bio je procijeniti utjecaj tjelesne kondicije na serumske metabolite kao Å”to su: ukupni proteini (UP), albumin (ALB), trigliceridi (TG), kolesterol (CHOL), glukoza (GLU) i Ī²-hidroksimaslaÄna kiselina (BHB) u burskih koza tijekom kasne gravidnosti (120. dan), poroÄaja (0. dan) kao i na 30. i 60. dan nakon poroÄaja. Ukupno je koriÅ”teno 15 burskih koza iz komercijalne farme u sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj. Status tjelesne kondicije (engl. body condition score, BCS) koza utvrÄen je uporabom standardnog protokola za ocjenu. Na temelju ocjene BCS svaka je koza kategorizirana u jednu od 3 skupine od po 5 životinja u svakoj: 1. skupina - pretile (BCSā„3,50-5,00), 2. skupina - srednjeg gojnog stanja (BCSā„2,75-3,50) i 3. skupina - mrÅ”ave (BCSā¤2,75). Koncentracije serumskih UP, ALB, TG, CHOL, GLU i BHB bile su odreÄivane spektrofotometrijski. Na 120. dan gravidnosti razina TG bila je znaÄajno viÅ”a (P<0,05) u pretilih koza nego u koza srednjeg gojnog stanja. Razine UP i CHOL bile su znaÄajno viÅ”e (P<0,05) u pretilih nego u mrÅ”avih koza 30., odnosno 60. dana nakon poroÄaja. Zabilježene promjene u istraživanih metabolita mogle bi biti od znaÄenja za praÄenje metaboliÄkog statusa koza tijekom intenzivne proizvodnje, a mogle bi biti i od praktiÄne vrijednosti za prevenciju i kontrolu gospodarskih gubitaka u uzgoju koza
UspjeÅ”no lijeÄenje akutne intersticijske pneumonije
Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) is a rare idiopathic interstitial pneumonia with
histology finding of diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). It is characterized by progressive hypoxic respiratory
failure, high mortality rate, and absence of guidelines for its treatment. Here we present a case of
a 64-year-old woman with progressive dyspnea, acute respiratory failure, diffuse bilateral reticulonodular
opacities on standard chest radiograph, diffuse ground-glass opacities on computed tomography,
and biopsy proven DAD. Diagnosis of AIP was established after extensive work-up that excluded the
known risk factors for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Oxygen therapy and high-dose parenteral
corticosteroids led to gradual improvement and resulted in complete respiratory recovery. Since there
are no existing guidelines for treating AIP, more case reports and case series if not randomized control
trials are warranted in order to define the most effective therapeutic modality.Akutna intersticijska pneumonija (AIP) je rijetka idiopatska intersticijska pneumonija s patohistoloÅ”kim znaÄajkama
difuznog alveolarnog oÅ”teÄenja (DAO). Obilježava ju progresivno hipoksiÄno zatajenje disanja, visoka stopa smrtnosti i
nedostatak smjernica za lijeÄenje. Ovdje Äemo prikazati bolesnicu u dobi od 64 godine s progresivnom zaduhom, akutnim
zatajenjem disanja, difuznim obostranim retikulo-nodularnim zasjenjenjima na radiogramu prsnih organa, difuznim zasjenjenjima
tipa mlijeÄnog stakla na kompjutoriziranoj tomografiji i biopsijom dokazanim DAO. Dijagnoza AIP-a je postavljena
nakon ekstenzivne obrade kojom su iskljuÄeni poznati riziÄni Äimbenici za sindrom akutnog respiracijskog distresa. LijeÄenje
kisikom i visokim dozama parenteralnog kortikosteroida dovelo je do postupnog poboljÅ”anja i, u konaÄnici, potpunog oporavka
funkcije disanja. BuduÄi da ne postoje smjernice za lijeÄenje AIP-a, potrebno je joÅ” prikaza sluÄajeva i serija sluÄajeva pa
i randomiziranih ispitivanja kako bi se definirao najuÄinkovitiji modalitet lijeÄenja
Äinitelji rizika i prevalencija supkliniÄke ketoze u mlijeÄnih krava u Hrvatskoj
The purpose of this study was to assess the risks or associations between the prevalence of subclinical ketosis (SCK) and some periparturient diseases in Holstein cows, by determining beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) serum levels using a Precision XceedĀ® BHBA meter (Abbott, USA) or spectrophotometer, and to evaluate the reproductive performance of cows positive for SCK. The study was conducted on 841 cows, from 107 randomly selected farms, aged 2-8 years, divided into two groups: positive (POS = BHBA levelā„1200 Ī¼mol/L), with clinical or SCK, and a negative (control) group (NEG = BHBA level<1200 Ī¼mol/L). Blood samples were collected from lactating cows in the period between 1-15 days after parturition. There was a positive correlation (r = 0.99; P<0.0001) between BHBA determined spectrophotometrically and by using Precision meter. The correlation between BHBA concentration and milk yield (total lactation) was not significant (r = 0.04; P = 0.26). The POS group of cows had a significantly higher mean lactation yield (P<0.001) than the NEG group of cows (7076 kg vs. 6409 kg). The cows in the NEG group had a significantly shorter period of median days open to pregnancy (MDOP) compared to the POS group (124 vs. 138; P<0.0001). The hazard ratio (HR) for days open to pregnancy (DOP) in the POS group of cows was 0.66 (P<0.0001). The results showed that multiparous cows had 1.41 times more chance of being affected with SCK than primiparous cows. The prevalence of SCK was 15.8% in Holstein cows from central, northern, northwestern and eastern parts of Croatia. About 55.6% of the cows with SCK were affected by some of the observed periparturient diseases (relative risk was 1.91; P = 0.001).Svrha ovog istraživanja bila je procijeniti rizike ili povezanost izmeÄu prevalencije supkliniÄke ketoze (SKK) i nekih peripartalnih bolesti u krava holÅ”tajnske pasmine, odreÄivanjem serumske razine beta-hidroksibutirata (BHBA) s pomoÄu elektroniÄkog ureÄaja Precision XceedĀ® BHBA device (Abbott, SAD) ili spektrofotometrijski te vrednovati reprodukcijska obilježja u krava pozitivnih na SKK. Istraživanje je provedeno na 841 kravi s nasumiÄno odabranih 107 farmi, u dobi od 2 do 8 godina, podijeljenih u dvije skupine: pozitivne (POZ = BHBA razina ā„1200 Ī¼mol/L), s kliniÄkom ili SKK te negativnu (kontrolnu) skupinu (NEG = BHBA razina <1200 Ī¼mol/L). Uzorci krvi su prikupljani od krava u laktaciji tijekom razdoblja od 1. do 15. dana nakon teljenja. Ustanovljena je pozitivna korelacija (r = 0,99; P<0,0001) razine BHBA odreÄene spektrofotometrijski ili pomoÄu elektroniÄkog ureÄaja Precision Xceed (Abbot, SAD). Korelacija izmeÄu koncentracije BHBA i proizvodnje mlijeka (ukupne laktacije) nije bila znaÄajna (r = 0,04; P = 0,26). POZ skupina krava imala je znaÄajno viÅ”u prosjeÄnu proizvodnju mlijeka (P<0,001) od NEG skupine krava (7076 kg vs. 6409 kg). Krave iz NEG skupine imale su znaÄajno kraÄe razdoblje medijan dana do koncepije u usporedbi s POZ skupinom krava (124 vs. 138; P<0,0001). Omjer rizika za dane do koncepcije u krava iz POZ iznosio je 0,66 (P<0,0001). Rezultati ovog istraživanja su pokazali da su multiparne krave imale 1,41 puta veÄu vjerojatnost oboljeti od SKK nego primiparne krave. Prevalencija SKK u krava holÅ”tajnske pasmine u srediÅ”njim, sjevernim, sjeverozapadnim i istoÄnim dijelovima Hrvatske iznosila je 15,8%. Oko 55,6% krava sa SKK oboljelo je od nekih praÄenih peripartalnih bolesti (relativni rizik je iznosio 1,91; P = 0,001
Povezanost izmeÄu aktivnosti paraoksonaze-1 i mobilizacije lipida u mlijeÄnih krava tijekom prijelaznog razdoblja.
The objectives of this study were to investigate the influence of the
transition period on lipid mobilisation and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity, as well as the relationship between the indicators of lipid metabolism and PON1 activity. Twenty-four Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (aged 2-7 years) were included in the study. Parameters of lipid metabolism (triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C, NEFA and BHB) and PON1 activity were monitored on days -30, -10, -2, 0, 5, 12, 19, 26 and 60 relative to parturition. Triglyceride concentration was significantly decreased from parturition until day 60 after calving, as compared to the values obtained before calving (P<0.05). Both total cholesterol and HDL-C concentrations significantly decreased at calving, with an increase during lactation (P<0.05). Serum NEFA concentrations significantly increased at calving (P<0.05) and stayed at the highest values up to day 19 after calving. Serum BHB concentrations increased significantly after calving on days 12 and 19 (P<0.05), which may be a consequence of increased NEFA around parturition. These changes indicate fat mobilisation from adipose tissue due to the energy deficit during the transition period. Serum PON1 activity decreased at calving but increased significantly on days 26 and 60 postpartum, suggesting a reduced antioxidant status in the postpartum period. Additionally, PON1 significantly positively correlated with total cholesterol (r = 0.42) and HDL-C (r = 0.49) and inversely correlated with NEFA (r = -0.33). The results suggested that PON1 activity is related to lipid metabolism and lipomobilisation syndrome and could be considered as a putative marker for metabolic and inflammatory-related disorders in transition dairy cows.Ciljevi su ovog rada bili istražiti utjecaj prijelaznog razdoblja na mobilizaciju lipida i aktivnost paraoksonaze-1 (PON1) te odnos izmeÄu pokazatelja metabolizma lipida i aktivnosti PON1. U istraživanje su bile ukljuÄene 24 mlijeÄne krave holÅ”tajnsko-frizijske pasmine u dobi od dvije do sedam godina. U serumu su odreÄivani pokazatelji metabolizma lipida (trigliceridi, ukupni kolesterol, HDL-C, slobodne masne kiseline i beta-hidroksibutirat) i aktivnost PON1 i to 30, 10 i 2 dana prije teljenja, na dan teljenja te 5., 12., 19., 26. i 60. dana nakon teljenja. Koncentracija triglicerida bila je znaÄajno snižena od poroÄaja do 60. dana laktacije u usporedbi s vrijednostima dobivenim prije teljenja (P<0,05). Koncentracije kolesterola i HDL-C bile su znaÄajno niže kod teljenja s postupnim porastom tijekom laktacije (P<0,05). Koncentracija slobodnih masnih kiselina bila je znaÄajno veÄa kod teljenja (P<0,05) i zadržala se na veÄim vrijednostima do 19. dana laktacije. Koncentracija beta-hidroksibutirata bila je znaÄajno veÄa 12. i 19. dana nakon teljenja (P<0,05), vjerojatno kao posljedica poveÄane koncentracije slobodnih masnih kiselina oko teljenja. Ove promjene ukazuju na mobilizaciju masti iz masnoga tkiva kao posljedica nedostatka energije tijekom prijelaznog razdoblja. Aktivnost PON1 bila je smanjena kod teljenja i znaÄajno se poveÄala 26. i 60. dana laktacije Å”to ukazuje na smanjeni antioksidacijski status u postpartalnom razdoblju. TakoÄer, aktivnost PON1 znaÄajno je pozitivno korelirala s ukupnim kolesterolom (r = 0,42) i HDL-C (r = 0,49) i obrnuto korelirala s koncentracijom slobodnih masnih kiselina (r = -0,33). Rezultati ukazuju da je PON1 povezana s metabolizmom lipida i lipomobilizacijskim sindromom te da bi se mogla smatrati moguÄim pokazateljem metaboliÄkih i upalnih poremeÄaja mlijeÄnih krava u prijelaznom razdoblju
HeterospermiÄno osjemenjivanje u pasa
The idea of dual sire insemination in dog breeding is to give equal chances to both males to fertilize the eggs due to the specific oestrus cycle of the bitch. Two sexually mature, privately owned females Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen (bitch A and B) aged 3 to 5 years were subjected to dual-sire inseminations. Prior to insemination, the semen of stud dogs (n=5) was collected and evaluated for volume, concentration, total sperm count, motility, membrane integrity (HOS test), percentage of live spermatozoa and sperm morphology (eosin nigrosin staining). The time of insemination was based on serum progesterone (P4) concentrations, where P4 of >5ā10 ng/mL was considered ovulation. Bitch A was inseminated in two oestrus cycles with fresh mixed semen from two males using the endoscopic transcervical insemination technique (TCI). Bitch B was inseminated in one oestrus cycle by laparoscopic intrauterine deposition of frozen thawed semen. Semen evaluation showed minimum deviations in all tested parameters between the chosen males on the days of insemination. Depending on sperm concentration and quality, the volume of ejaculates was adjusted, resulting in an equal number of motile spermatozoa from two males in each insemination, providing them an equal chance for fertilisation. Confirmation of pregnancy was carried out 24 days after insemination by ultrasonography. The whelping outcome was obtained directly from the owner of the bitches. Puppy blood was taken immediately after whelping from the umbilical vein into EDTA tubes. Blood samples were also obtained from the dam and both sires for DNA profiling. Parentage was determined for each dual-sired pup by using Thermo Scientific Canine Genotypes Panel 1.1. All inseminations resulted in pregnancy and whelping. A total of 14 puppies were born in three litters. Mixed parentage was determined in 1 of the 3 resultant litters (bitch A). In conclusion, dual sire insemination is a useful breeding tool providing the opportunity to obtain puppies from multiple genetic backgrounds in a single litter. However, as this method usually produces offspring from single father, optimal insemination protocol should be established for producing a litter of mixed paternity.Cilj je heterospermiÄnog osjemenjivanja pasa dobivanje legala od dva razliÄita oca, Å”to daje moguÄnost veÄe genetske raznolikosti zbog specifiÄnog spolnog ciklusa kuje, a daje i podjednake Å”anse mužjacima za dobivanje legla. Dvije spolno zrele ženke pasmine mali vendeski baset grifon (kuja A i B) u dobi od 3 do 5 godina podvrgnute su heterospermiÄnom osjemenjivanju. Prije osjemenjivanja mužjacima (n=5) je uzeto sjeme te je ocijenjen volumen, koncentracija, progresivna pokretljivost, integritet membrane (HOS test), postotak živih spermija i morfologija (eozin nigrozin). Optimalno vrijeme osjemenjivanja odreÄivano je mjerenjem koncentracije progesterone (P4) u serumu. Vrijednost P4 >5-10 ng/mL smatrala se ovulacijom. Kuja A je osjemenjena u dva spolna ciklusa tehnikom endoskopske transcervikalne inseminacije svježim, prethodno pomijeÅ”anim sjemenom 2 odabrana mužjaka. Kuja B je osjemenjena u jednom ciklusu duboko smrznutim sjemenom 2 odabrana mužjaka tehnikom laparoskopske intrauterine inseminacije. Sjeme svakog mužjaka položeno je odvojeno, u lijevi i desni rog maternice. Ocjenom sjemena na dan osjemenjivana utvrÄena su minimalna odstupanja u kvaliteti, a sjeme odabranih mužjaka pri svakom je osjemenjivanju bilo približno jednake kvalitete. S obzirom na koncentraciju spermija volumen ejakulata svakog mužjaka je prilagoÄen za svako osjemenjivanje, da bi svaki mužjak imao jednake Å”anse za oplodnju. Gravidnost je potvrÄena ultrazvuÄnim pregledom 24 dan nakon osjemenivanja. Ishod Å”tenjenje dobiven je od vlasnika kuja. Za dokazivanje oÄinstva krv je Å”tenadi uzeta neposredno nakon Å”tenjenja iz umbilikalne vene u EDTA epruvete. Uzorci krvi uzeti su i od kuja i potencijalnih oÄeva za DNK profiliranje. OÄinstvo je utvrÄeno za svako Å”tene koriÅ”tenjem Thermo Scientific Canine Genotypes Panel 1.1. Sva heterospermiÄna osjemenjivanja rezulturala su gravidnoÅ”Äu i Å”tenjenjem. U 3 legla ukupno je oÅ”tenjeno 14 Å”tenadi. Dvojno oÄinstvo potvrÄeno je u jednom od tri legla. ZakljuÄno, heterospermiÄno osjemenjivanje korisna je metoda rasploÄivanja jer omoguÄuje dobivanje Å”tenaca razliÄitog genetskog podrijetla u jednom leglu, a time i brži genetski napredak. MeÄutim, zbog Äinjenice da se ovakvim naÄinom osjemenjivanja najÄeÅ”Äe dobiva potomstvo samo od jednog oca, potrebno je uspostaviti optimalni protokol heterospermiÄnog osjemenjivanja s ciljem dobivanja legla s dvostrukim oÄinstvom
Utjecaj pariteta na metaboliÄki profil i povratak cikliÄne aktivnosti jajnika u mlijeÄnih krava.
The aims of the present study were to investigate the effect of parity on the resumption of ovarian cyclicity and to characterize metabolic factors affecting ovarian cyclicity. The study was conducted on a total of 24 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. The cows were divided into 2 groups comprising 12 animals each, according to parity as primiparous or multiparous. The serum samples were analysed for the indicators of metabolic status: non-esterfied fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. The resumption of ovarian cyclicity was determined by progesterone concentrations and gynaecological examination. The concentrations of HDL-C and NEFA were either significantly higher or lower, respectively, in relation to the resumption of ovarian cyclicity. These findings suggested that overcoming the negative energy balance (NEB) is the most important prerequisite for determining the resumption of ovarian cyclicity. This study also revealed a significantly longer period until the first service in primiparous cows as compared to multiparous cows. In conclusion, the primiparous cows were more susceptible to metabolic stress during the transition period, and their metabolic and endocrine profiles were more unbalanced compared to the multiparous cows.Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti uÄinak pariteta na povratak cikliÄne aktivnosti jajnika i odrediti metaboliÄke pokazatelje koji utjeÄu na cikliÄnu aktivnost jajnika. Istraživanje je provedeno na ukupno 24 krave holÅ”tajnskofrizijske pasmine. Krave su bile podijeljene s obzirom na paritet u dvije skupine od po 12 životinja u svakoj prema paritetu na primiparne i multiparne. U uzorcima seruma analizirani su pokazatelji metaboliÄkog statusa neesterificirane masne kiseline (engl. akronim NEFA), betahidroksi butirat (BHB), glukoza, trigliceridi, ukupni kolesterol i kolesterol iz lipoproteina visoke gustoÄe (engl. akronim HDL C). Ponovno uspostavljanje cikliÄne aktivnosti jajnika bilo je odreÄeno pomoÄu koncentracije progesterona i ginekoloÅ”kim pregledom. UtvrÄena je znaÄajno viÅ”a koncentracija HDL-C i niža koncentracija NEFA u odnosu na ponovno uspostavljanje cikliÄne aktivnosti jajnika. Ovi nalazi upuÄuju na zakljuÄak da je nadvladavanje NEB-a najvažnije preduvjet koji odreÄuje ponovno uspostavljanje cikliÄne aktivnosti jajnika. NaÅ”e je istraživanje takoÄer pokazalo da su primiparne krave imale znaÄajno duže razdoblje do prvog osjemenjivanja nakon teljenja u odnosu na multiparne krave. Stoga se može zakljuÄiti da su primiparne krave osjetljivije na metaboliÄki stres tijekom prijelaznog razdoblja te da su njihovi metaboliÄki i endokrini profili neuravnoteženiji u usporedbi s onima u multiparnih krava
Utjecaji imunosne modulacije levamisolom i polioksietilenskim-polioksipropilenskim kopolimerima na imunohematoloŔke, serumske biokemijske pokazatelje i crijevnu histocitomorfologiju u odbijene prasadi.
The objectives of this study were to investigate whether or not the synthetic compounds, levamisole (LEVA) and polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene (POE-POP) copolymers, well-known to act as immunomodulators (IMs) in swine, may positively influence the cellular and humoral immune parameters of weaned pigs, without negatively affecting their hematological (HE), serum biochemistry (SB) and gut histocytological (HC) homeostasis. The pigs from a commercial swine farm were weaned at 26 days of age, randomly divided into 3 groups comprising 20 animals each, and kept in separate pens within the same rearing facility. At the age of 28 days (Day 0 of the experiment), the pigs were treated as follows: (1) control pigs perorally (p.o.) received 10 mL of saline, and the principals were p.o. treated with a single dose of 10 mL of either: (2) LEVA with 2.5 mg/kg body weight of the anthelmintic drug or (3) POE-POP with 2.5 mg/mL of the copolymer preparation. The experiment was conducted over 35 days, and 7 pigs per group were sampled for peripheral blood at 7 day intervals, starting at Day 0 before the treatments for immunohematology and SB analyses. At either Day 0 or Day 35 of the experiment 5 pigs per group were euthanatized and sampled for gut HC. The POE-POPtreated pigs had increased proportions of lymphocytes (P<0.05) at Day 35. These pigs had higher levels of total serum immunoglobulins (P<0.05) at Day 14. The LEVA-treated pigs had decreased proportions of lymphocytes (P<0.05) at Day 14, although their total leukocyte count was similar to that recorded in the controls. None of the tested IMs affected the values of HE parameters, indicating that they did not cause any harmful side effects during the observation period of 5 weeks following the treatments. Minor oscillations in SB parameters were observed, but their values were within the normal range for swine and in accordance with the ages of the pigs. The HC features of gut mucosa in the pigs from the principal groups showed very mild damage and were quite normal for farm pigs exposed to natural infections, indicating that the tested IMs did not induce any additional HC changes. The obtained results imply that immunomodulating treatment with tested IMs was not associated with any adverse effects on the monitored HE, SB and gut HC parameters, and thus, does not suggest any putative impairment in the general health status of weaned pigs throughout the experimental period.Ciljevi ovoga rada bili su istražiti mogu li, ili ne, sintetiÄki spojevi levamisol (LEVA) i polioksietilenskipolioksipropilenski (POE-POP) kopolimeri, dobro znani da djeluju kao imunomodulatori (IM) u svinje, pozitivno utjecati na staniÄne i humoralne imunosne pokazatelje odbijene prasadi a da negativno ne djeluju na njihovu hematoloÅ”ku (HE), serumsku biokemijsku (SB) i crijevnu histocitoloÅ”ku (HC) homeostazu. Na komercijalnoj svinjogojskoj farmi prasad je bila odbijena u dobi od 26 dana, nasumiÄno podijeljena u tri skupine od po 20 životinja u svakoj, te držana u odvojenim odjeljcima u istoj uzgojnoj nastambi. U dobi od 28 dana ( = 0. dan pokusa), prasad je tretirana kako slijedi: (1) kontrolna prasad je per os (p.o.) primila 10 mL fizioloÅ”ke otopine, a pokusna je prasad bila p.o. tretirana jednokratnom dozom od 10 mL ili (2) LEVA s 2,5 mg/kg tjelesne težine antihelmintiÄkog lijeka, ili POE-POP sa 2,5 mg/mL kopolimerskog pripravka. Pokus je proveden tijekom 35 dana, a od 7 prasadi po skupini uzimani su uzorci periferne krvi za imunohematoloÅ”ke i SB pretrage u razmacima od 7 dana poÄevÅ”i od 0. dana prije tretmana. Po pet prasadi iz svake skupine bilo je eutanazirano 0. i 35. dana pokusa radi uzimanja uzoraka za crijevnu HC. Prasad koja je primila POE-POP imala je veÄi udjel limfocita (P<0,05) 35. dana. Ta je prasad imala viÅ”u razinu ukupnih serumskih imunoglobulina (P<0,05) 14. dana. Prasad tretirana s LEVA imala je smanjen udjel limfocita (P<0,05) 14. dana, premda je ukupan broj njihovih leukocita bio sliÄan onom zabilježenom u kontrolne prasadi. Niti jedan od testiranih IM nije utjecao na vrijednosti HE pokazatelje, upuÄujuÄi na to da nisu uzrokovali nikakve Å”tetne popratne uÄinke tijekom razdoblja praÄenja pokusa od pet tjedana nakon tretmana. UtvrÄene su manje oscilacije pokazatelja SB, ali su te vrijednosti bile u rasponu normalnih vrijednosti za svinju i primjerene dobi prasadi. HC nalazi u sluznici crijeva prasadi pokusnih skupina pokazivali su vrlo blaga oÅ”teÄenja i bili su gotovo normalni za farmsku prasad koja je izložena prirodnim infekcijama te upuÄuju na to da testirani IM nisu izazivali nikakve dodatne HC promjene. Dobiveni rezultati podrazumijevaju da imunomodulacijski tretman s testiranim IM nije bio povezan s bilo kakvim nepovoljnim uÄincima na HE, SB i crijevne HC pokazatelje