Mass spectrometry measurements of the lower atmosphere of Venus

Mass spectrometer experiments installed on the descent vehicles of the Venera-11 and the Venera-12 are described. Data on the chemical composition of the lower atmosphere of Venus is discussed with emphasis on the isotope state of the basic components (carbon, oxygen, nitrogen) and of the inert gases

Relativistic parsec-scale jets: I. Particle acceleration

We develop a theory of particle acceleration inside relativistic rotating electron-positron force-free jets with spiral magnetic fields. We considered perturbation of the stationary magnetic field structure and found that acceleration takes place in the regions where the Alfven resonant condition with the eigenmodes in the jet is fulfilled, i.e. where the local Alfven speed is equal to the phase speed of an eigenmode. The acceleration mechanism is regular acceleration by the electric field of the electromagnetic wave, which is the eigenmode of the force-free cylindrical jet: particles drift out of the region of the large wave amplitude near the Alfven resonant surface and gain energy. Acceleration in the strong electric field near the Alfven resonance and synchrotron losses combine to form a power-law energy spectrum of ultra-relativistic electrons and positrons with index between 2 and 3 depending upon the initial energy of the injected particles. The power law distribution ranges from 10 MeV to 1000 MeV.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures; Astron. Astrophys. in pres

Giant molecular clouds as regions of particle acceleration

One of the most interesting results of investigations carried out on the satellites SAS-II and COS-B is the discovery of unidentified discrete gamma sources. Possibly a considerable part of them may well be giant molecular clouds. Gamma emission from clouds is caused by the processes with participation of cosmic rays. The estimation of the cosmic ray density in clouds has shown that for the energy E approx. = I GeV their density can 10 to 1000 times exceed the one in intercloud space. We have made an attempt to determine the mechanism which could lead to the increase in the cosmic ray density in clouds

Formation of "Lightnings" in a Neutron Star Magnetosphere and the Nature of RRATs

The connection between the radio emission from "lightnings" produced by the absorption of high-energy photons from the cosmic gamma-ray background in a neutron star magnetosphere and radio bursts from rotating radio transients (RRATs) is investigated. The lightning length reaches 1000 km; the lightning radius is 100 m and is comparable to the polar cap radius. If a closed magnetosphere is filled with a dense plasma, then lightnings are efficiently formed only in the region of open magnetic field lines. For the radio emission from a separate lightning to be observed, the polar cap of the neutron star must be directed toward the observer and, at the same time, the lightning must be formed. The maximum burst rate is related to the time of the plasma outflow from the polar cap region. The typical interval between two consecutive bursts is ~100 s. The width of a single radio burst can be determined both by the width of the emission cone formed by the lightning emitting regions at some height above the neutron star surface and by a finite lightning lifetime. The width of the phase distribution for radio bursts from RRATs, along with the integrated pulse width, is determined by the width of the bundle of open magnetic field lines at the formation height of the radio emission. The results obtained are consistent with the currently available data and are indicative of a close connection between RRATs, intermittent pulsars, and extreme nullers.Comment: 24 pages, no figures, references update

Stability of a relativistic rotating electron-positron jet: nonaxisymmetric perturbations

We investigate the linear stability of a hydrodynamic relativistic flow of magnetized plasma in the force--free approximation. We considered the case of light cylindrical jet in cold and dense environment, so the jet boundary remains at rest. Continuous and discrete spectra of frequencies are investigated analytically. An infinite sequence of eigenfrequencies is found near the edge of Alfv\'en continuum. Numerical calculations showed that modes are stable and have attenuation increment $\gamma$ small. The dispersion curves $\omega =\omega (k_\parallel )$ have a minimum for $k_{{\parallel}_0}\simeq 1/R$ ($R$ is the jet radius ). This results in accumulation of perturbations inside the jet with wavelength of the order of the jet radius. The wave crests of the perturbation pattern formed in such a way move along the jet with the velocity exceeding light speed. If one has relativistic electrons emitting synchrotron radiation inside the jet, than this pattern will be visible. This provide us with the new type of superluminal source. If the jet is oriented close to the line of sight, than the observer will see knots moving backward to the core.Comment: 22 LaTeX pages, standard LaTeX article style, accepted by Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. So

Антимонопольное регулирование деятельности цифровых компаний и функционирования интернет-платформ в России и Европейском Союзе

The subject. The article examines the antimonopoly regulation of relations arising in the course of the activities of modern companies that ensure the operation of certain digital online platforms. The development of digital information technologies has led to the emergence of various new forms of economic and social communications. These forms include, among other things, digital technological platforms operating on the Internet and representing a kind of platform within which information interaction of various subjects takes place, related to the implementation of their professional activities or interpersonal communication. In this regard, the law faces the task of ensuring effective regulation of relations that are formed in the context of the development of electronic market systems and digital services. An important role in this should be assigned to antimonopoly legislation, since the possession of large data sets and the latest information technologies can lead to companies trying to use their resources to violate the rights of other subjects.The aim of the study is to determine the legal essence of the Internet platform and to identify possible features and limits of antimonopoly regulation of the activities of companies that ensure their work, including taking into account the current Russian and foreign legislation and law enforcement practice in this area.Research methods are formal – logical interpretation, systemic method and comparative analysis.The main results, scope of application. Digital technological platform is a complex phenomenon that includes various results of intellectual activity, both subject to and not subject to legal protection, including computer programs, databases, as well as technical means, ensuring the functioning of the digital platform. In addition, the analysis of Russian antitrust legislation and the theory of civil law led to the conclusion that the existing exemptions from the scope of the rules on the prohibition of monopolistic activities established for holders of exclusive intellectual rights could significantly complicate the application of antitrust rules to digital companies that are copyright holders results of intellectual activity that are part of the Internet platform. At the same time, the currently established law enforcement practice actually follows the path of limiting these antimonopoly immunities, despite their legislative consolidation, which is hardly justified. On the other hand, the existence of broad antitrust immunities is also unfounded. In order to bring the antimonopoly legislation in line with the needs of the emerging digitalization relations antitrust immunities are subject to limitations.Conclusions. There are new criteria for determining the dominant position of digital companies in the relevant markets, which include network effects, large user data and significant barriers to entry into the market.Исследуется антимонопольное регулирования отношений, возникающих в процессе деятельности компаний, обеспечивающих работу цифровых платформ. Отмечается, что цифровая платформа представляет собой комплексное явление, включающее в себя различные результаты интеллектуальной деятельности, как подлежащие, так и не подлежащие правовой охране. Также обосновывается, что имеющиеся в российском антимонопольном законодательстве изъятия из сферы действия норм о запрете монополистической деятельности, установленные для обладателей исключительных прав, выступают в качестве препятствий к применению антимонопольных норм в отношении цифровых компаний, являющихся правообладателями результатов интеллектуальной деятельности. Подобные антимонопольные иммунитеты оцениваются как подлежащие ограничению