SIGNIFICANCE OF MONOCYTE CHEMOATTRACTANT PROTEIN-1, THYROID HORMONES AND OTHER CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS IN IRAQI PATIENTS WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME

Objective: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complex disease occurred throw genital period of women depends on the age, genetic factors, and ethnicity. Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) has been implicated in the metabolic disturbances and menstrual irregularities.Methods: In the biochemical test, the blood was collected in plain tubes then separated by centrifugation. Serum was collected in test tubes then, MCP, haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), fasting blood glucose (FBG), urea, creatinine, prolactin, testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), T3, T4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were determined by enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay and relevant clinical features were collected simultaneously in all subjects.Results: The results showed no significant increased in means of age, body mass index in PCOS women (patients) when compared with healthy subjects (control groups) also there was no significant decreased in levels of Hb, PCV while increased in FBG, urea and creatinine in PCOS women when compared with healthy subjects. In addition, mean of LH and 17 β-Estradiol were no significant increased except the significantly increased in the ratio of LH/FSH, prolactin, and testosterone, while FSH was significantly decreased in PCOS women when compared with healthy subjects. Levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were found significantly decreased while an increased level of TSH when compared with healthy subjects. Finally, MCP-1 was showed significantly increased in PCOS women when compared with healthy subjects.Conclusions: It can be concluded that PCOS women might suffer from changes in the levels of MCP-1(an inflammation marker). Besides, it was detected that TSH might be responsible related metabolic disturbances could be related to TSH and MCP which can be considered as relevant features in such disturbances

Synthesis, Characterization of Some New Azo Compounds Containing 1,3-Oxazepine, Anthraquinone Moieties and Studying Their Activity against Pathogenic Bacteria

This research includes design of new derivatives for anthraquinone azo compounds bearing 1,3-oxazepine rings with  different saromatic moieties. Diazonium salt of 1-aminoanthraquinone [1] prepared by reaction of 1-aminoanthraquinone with ammonium nitrite in the presence of hydrochloric acid. Then this compound used to prepare of azo derivative [2] through reaction with o-Salicyladehyde. Compound [2] then converted into different Schiff bases [3-8] by treating it with different amino benzenes in absolute ethanol.  Finally 1,3-Oxazepine compounds [9-14] and [15-20] obtained from reaction of Schiff bases [3-8] with phthalic anhydride and maleic anhydride respectively. Physiochemical properties of synthesized compounds determined by their melting points, FTIR, 1HNMR and 13CNMR spectroscopy. The purity and reaction time were checked by TLC. The new prepared 1,3-oxazepine compounds were evaluated against some pathogenic bacteria for their biological activity testing using three different bacterial species including (Klebsiella sp., Streptococcus Pneumonia, Proteus sp.) and compared with (amoxicillin tri hydrate) was used as references drug. The results showed that many of the tested compounds have moderate to good vital activity against the mentioned pathogenic bacteria compared with references drug above. Keywords: Synthesis, Azo compounds, 1,3-Oxazepine , Anthraquinone, Activity.

Differential Effect of Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 in Late Reproductive Age Women

Cyclooxygenases enzymes (COX) are related with ovulation, apoptosis and menstrual disorder. Several studies demonstrate that COX 1 is one of the major sources of prostaglandin but COX 2 is more important in the late reproductive age women. Prostaglandin is bioactive compound excreted from Arachidonic   acid by Cox 1 and Cox 2, play role in the fertility and ovulation but when increased above the normal level especially in menstrual cycle, ectopic pregnancy is attributed to this cause. Cox 1 and Cox 2 inhibitors have been regulated the inflammatory responses include cytokines and tumor growth factors which produced from neutrophil cells by cyclooxygenases activation, it has been used to regular prostaglandin action, especially PGG2 and PGH2. Any changes in the endometrial cells lead to increased vascular inflammation that developed to the late reproductive disease. Steroidogenesis characterized by increased levels of estrogen in the uterus caused uterine infections and elevated cyclooxygenases levels especially during uterine contractions process

Nrf2 as a modulator of oxidative stress

Nrf2 is active protein presents in the cytoplasm in the cells of the body. In the presence of an activators, Nrf2 can enter the nucleus which bind to Antioxidant Responses Elements (ARE) or otherwise named human ARE (hARE) which control the whole antioxidants activity in human cell. Many factors may contribute to defective or overwhelmed cellular antioxidants activities for instances aging and cellular damages. These cellular damages can be produced by free radicals or oxidative stress. In the mechanism, if Nrf2 activated in the nucleus, can caused the production of collaborative antioxidants enzymes especially: catalase, glutathione (GLT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as a responsible for detoxification of free radical inside the cells

Clinical Signs, Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatments Involved in Corona Viruses-19

Covid -19 is a viral disease play important role in danger pathogens for human, it is infecting on respiratory, hepatic, central nervous systems and gastrointestinal, in addition to that, the triggers included cytokine storm is inflammatory response to viral infection     Therefore, excessive enhance of immune cells lead to new of pro-inflammatory cytokines. COVID-19 interaction with the cardiovascular system on different levels, rising death percent in people underlying cardiovascular state provoking myocardial injury. Respiratory infection varying from   mild  cold to  the severe illness like  as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome the most important coronavirus (COVID-19) complications, however individuals with asymptomatic disease were also suspected of possible infectious transmission, which further adds to the uncertainty of the dynamic of disease transmission in COVID-19 infections, Suppression of  angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) expression by inflammatory cytokines accompanied by the decrease of estrogens and androgens  of the elderly, establish a negative correlation between   ACE2 expression and mortality in other cases may lead to infertility. Early detection by PCR has aided the identification of the pathogen at an early level.  Furthermore, the treatment includes the effectiveness of glucocorticoid drugs (dexamethasone), anti-malaria drug (hydroxychloroquine), azithromycin (antibacterial drug) and favipiravir are all drugs recommended in illness with Covid-19. Remdesivir suppression COVID-19 replication and decreases viral load, alleviates clinical signs and improves pulmonary injury, therefore Remdesivir drug has been used as a compassionate medicine for treating COVID-19 patients

Histopathological Study of Liraglutide on Renal Deterioration Progression Induced by Doxorubicin

Podocyte injury is a major factor in many renal diseases leading to proteinuria that causes the risk of developing kidney deterioration. Glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis are the main histopathological feature as consequence of inflammation and apoptosis a result of   long period of tubular protein load. Liraglutide an incretin hormone (GLP-1) analogue has effective as glycemic control in patient with type 2 diabetes. In recent years, liraglutide appear protected mechanism against inflammation and apoptosis for many tissues through GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) activation unrelated with glycemic control.  36 animal Wister rats used in this experiment, first group include 12 rats set as control group received just the normal saline, while second group include 24 rats induced podocyte injury by doxorubicin single dose and third group treated either normal saline or liraglutide (200 µg /kg/day I.P) for 28 days.  Histopathological study is used to assess the protected effect of liraglutide on podocyte injury induced in male rats through three main histopathological changes (glomerulosclerosis, tubular damage, inflammatory infiltration) by Hematoxylin and eosin staining. In this study treatment group(C) with liraglutide appeared significant decreased (P< 0.05) in glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial, and inflammatory infiltration after 28 day of treatment. In conclusion, liraglutide is effective in reducing inflammation and apoptosis which associate with chronic renal development as well as renoprotection by glycemic control which is indirectly effect

Nuclear Factor Erythroid-2 Linked Factor (Nrf2) as a Potential Mediator of Hepatotoxicity

Hepatotoxicity is a term used to describe serious health complications of liver disease caused by a variety of factors. Nuclear factor erythroid-2 linked factor (Nrf2) as a potential mediator of hepatotoxicity via inflammatory and induction of oxidative stress, oxidation produces more toxic compounds caused more pathogenic cases; therefore, to maintain sufficient homeostasis, involve antioxidant materials and detoxification factors. Controlling cytokine activity in normal cells is a useful way to regulate the signaling pathway of Nrf2. Recent studies found a relation between each Nrf2 and NF-κB activation and drug-induced liver injury.  This review presents a detailed and conformation update of Nrf2 roles in hepatotoxicity which considers that drug-induced liver injury is the main problem to draw attention in medical clinics and to develop new drugs with less harmful to the liver. In addition to that. Kept each of normal oxidation and cytokines levels is crucial responses for cells alteration and remaining to survive

Role of miRNA in drug-induced hepatic injury

Acute liver disease is characterized by loss of liver function within days or weeks however, in the patient who is not previously diagnosed, its less common compared with chronic liver failure, which developed slowly and irreversible process. It’s caused by   drug-induced liver damage (DILI) therefore identifying liver injury is challenging for clinical treatment and diagnosis. The major causes of liver failure involve toxic metabolites of some medications that consumed Adenosine Tri Phosphate (ATP) compared with normal conditions and increased oxidative stress due to overexpression of MicroRNAs, it is necessary to do complete diagnosis of patients. Biomarker parameters can be utilized to validate liver damage like microRNAs (miRNAs) analysis, it is a more receptive marker because increased earlier than the transaminases enzymes allowing for a more accurate diagnosis.  we summarized recent signs of progress disease concerning the role of miRNA as a novel DILI biomarker, the miRNA levels can be measured in plasma, saliva, urine, fetal fluid (amniotic), as well as other materials either in human or animals like mice, rats which significantly elevate during illness, therefore, provide e specific biomarker of hepatoinjury