Turkey : export miracle or accounting trick?

Turkey's recovery from its debt crisis ( 1978 - 80 ) has made it the paragon of export led growth. The driving force behind the Turkish export miracle has remained a matter of debate. If what happened in Turkey was a spillover of its proximity to the Middle East, there is little other countries can learn from the Turkish experience. If active export subsidies were the main determinants of Turkey's export growth, one wonders about the costs of joining GATT. The last possible explanation, real exchange rate depreciation, would put the focus much more on the macroeconomic policies and trade reforms that made such a depreciation sustainable in real terms. The authors provide an assessment of the relative contributions of all the factors mentioned above and their relationship to Turkey's export growth. They begin with an assessment of whether there was an export miracle once the Middle East is discounted, or was it all a product of accounting tricks in response to changing incentives? In Section II, Turkey's trade statistics are compared with those reported by its main trading partners to assess whether there was significant growth to countries outside the Middle East. Finally, the authors present a simple model which focuses on the role of export incentives, relative prices and foreign income growth in export determination. The authors conclude by confirming the existence of the Turkish export miracle.Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Stabilization,TF054105-DONOR FUNDED OPERATION ADMINISTRATION FEE INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT,Tax Law

Bio-Inspired Filter Banks for SSVEP-based Brain-Computer Interfaces

Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) have the potential to play a vital role in future healthcare technologies by providing an alternative way of communication and control. More specifically, steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) based BCIs have the advantage of higher accuracy and higher information transfer rate (ITR). In order to fully exploit the capabilities of such devices, it is necessary to understand the features of SSVEP and design the system considering its biological characteristics. This paper introduces bio-inspired filter banks (BIFB) for a novel SSVEP frequency detection method. It is known that SSVEP response to a flickering visual stimulus is frequency selective and gets weaker as the frequency of the stimuli increases. In the proposed approach, the gain and bandwidth of the filters are designed and tuned based on these characteristics while also incorporating harmonic SSVEP responses. This method not only improves the accuracy but also increases the available number of commands by allowing the use of stimuli frequencies elicit weak SSVEP responses. The BIFB method achieved reliable performance when tested on datasets available online and compared with two well-known SSVEP frequency detection methods, power spectral density analysis (PSDA) and canonical correlation analysis (CCA). The results show the potential of bio-inspired design which will be extended to include further SSVEP characteristic (e.g. time-domain waveform) for future SSVEP based BCIs.Comment: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI

Examining social networking site narratives between government and youth on entrepreneurship : the case of relationship development in Egypt

Analysis of the ways in which SNS (Social Networking Sites) are used by governments, organisations and everyday users has over the past ten years been of significant interest to academic researchers. Part of this analysis of use has included understanding how in the Middle East, SNS were used in the series of anti-government protests known as the Arab Spring. Specifically, in Egypt, during the January 25 Revolution, a large number of youth users went on SNS such as Facebook to disseminate information, create conversations and raise awareness of their perspectives and concerns. Whilst use in protest and demonstration may result in aspects such as a drop in public trust of government agents, SNS could also contribute to significant relational outcomes such as relationship development and trust.This study takes Egypt as its foci in investigating the outcomes of SNS interaction between Government agencies and Youth users. This study aims to understand the role of the topic about which conversations are occurring in communicating with the citizens. Additionally, this study places emphasis on the role of the government agency in changing the perceptions of the Government through SNS interactions.This study contributes to the burgeoning domain of SNS studies by providing a non- traditional approach to its theoretical background. It specifically achieves this by adopting three areas of focus; first, SNS which includes a site and user perspective. Second, the political context which includes Marketing theory and government studies. Third, relationship development and trust which includes a multi theory lens into theorising the outcomes of SNS interactions. Therefore, it is the first study to apply Political Marketing Theory in Egypt in a non-electoral context. Using novel applications of Relationship Marketing and Public Relations theory, this study presents an understanding of the relationship orientation in the interaction between GOFE and Youth on SNS. Furthermore, the analysis regarding trust development in this study is developed through a framework that highlights both the users’ perspective of trust and the organisations' efforts towards achieving trust.This study adopts a social constructivist approach. Therefore, this investigation embraces qualitative inductive methods. Due to the rich culture and high interaction of the context investigated, the research problem at hand was addressed through the application of netnography. The Netnographic package includes; firstly, an online observation of Facebook pages followed by textual analysis. Secondly, it includes two sets of interviews with a sample of the users (i.e. Youth) and the organisations (i.e. GOFE). Using Thematic Analysis ten different themes were extracted from the three sources of data (i.e. Facebook data, GOFE interviews and Youth interviews).The findings from this study suggest that GOFE SNS representation is not yet mature. However, findings demonstrate that GOFE are in the process of becoming a generalisable model of government SNS representation. This could occur with the drop in control over engagement and movement to engagement strategies beyond those targeted primarily at publicity alone. Indeed, this study confirms the significant influence of SNS in fostering positive relational outcomes between the Government and Youth, while confirming the role of the topic and agency. These findings are discussed in light of theoretical contribution and practical implication to the government sector. Whereas previous studies have focused on one aspect of the communication process, this study is the first conducted in the public sector domain in Egypt that focuses on the observed behaviours of GOFE on SNS, perceived behaviours of GOFE by Youth and the strategic intent of GOFE by being present on SNS. This study concludes with limitations incurred and recommendations for practice and future studies. Finally, this study argues that with a further optimised SNS representation, there is indeed hope in developing relationships and achieving trust between Government and citizens in Egypt through SNS interaction

Institutions and Dynamic Capabilities: Theoretical Insights and Research Agenda for Strategic Entrepreneurship.

The current paper aims to comparatively analyze both institutional and dynamic capabilities approaches conceptually in the context of strategic entrepreneurship. We offer a conceptual review, where strengths, as well as limitations of both theoretical approaches, are highlighted. Our review and discussion show that both approaches are subtly intertwined and can complement each other to further understanding of firm’s behavior including strategic entrepreneurship. Institutions provide templates for action and cognition in developing, managing, and utilizing dynamic capabilities in that context. Dynamic capabilities, as enablers of agency, can be expected to play a role in creating, maintaining, bridging, and disrupting institutions. The synthesis of institutional and dynamic capabilities approaches leads to a better understanding of agency, behavior, and structure in the context of strategic entrepreneurship. Finally, we also present a research agenda for strategic entrepreneurship that explores key concepts germane to both institutions and dynamic capabilities

Expatriates, Rise of Telecommuting and Implications for International Business

International business (IB) travel has long been considered an important aspect of international business management strategies of multinational enterprises (MNEs). Extant literature further recognizes that expatriate managers are an essential cornerstone of MNEs’ global strategies. They play a crucial role in the management of subsidiaries as well as in knowledge transfer of organizational routines and practices. Covid-19 has caused a collapse of the airline industry due to travel restrictions, which have been referred to remain in place in one way or another for the foreseeable future. The issue of international travel has become a daunting problem in relation to Covid-19 pandemic. Many MNEs have been overwhelmed by the unprecedented and severe problems they face in regard to the mobility of their workforce. The fundamental changes in the way the global economy is being run, and firms operate offer profound future research opportunities on labor mobility and IB travel.© 2021 Routledge. This is an Accepted Manuscript of a book chapter published by Routledge COVID-19 and International Business: Change of Era on 21 December 2020, available online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003108924fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Implementation and evaluation of an EFL teacher training program for non-formal education settings

Abstract. This study aims to implement and evaluate a suggested in-service teacher training program for English language teachers in non-formal education institutions. In doing this, 2-week online training program was designed considering the professional needs of the teachers and implemented with a follow-up. Pre and posttests, self-assessment scales and lesson observations were utilized in order to compare teacher knowledge and behaviors before and after the training. In addition, those instruments, feedback forms were also received from the teachers in order to figure out their attitudes towards the implemented program. Findings from the study showed that the program had a significant impact on teacher knowledge and behaviors. Although the majority had a positive attitude towards the program, some teachers suggested that a face-to-face training program be held and that the length could be extended

Bromido[1-(η6-4-tert-butyl­benz­yl)-3-(2,4,6-trimethyl­benz­yl)benzimidazol-2-yl­idene]chloridoruthenium(II)

A new ruthenium complex, [RuBrCl(C28H32N2)], has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR-spectroscopy and a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. The Ru atom in this complex is best described as having a considerably distorted octa­hedral coordination environment with the arene occupying three coordination sites. Two further coordination sites are occupied by chloride and bromide ligands, while the sixth site is occupied by the carbene. The carbene portion of the ligand is a benzimidazole ring. This ring is connected to the C6H4C(CH3)3 arene by a CH2 bridge. This leads to a system with very little apparent strain. The two halogen atoms are disordered between Br and Cl. Two partial Cl atoms share the same sites as two partial Br atoms so that the title compound effectively has one Cl and one Br atom. C—H⋯X (X = Cl, Br) hydrogen bonds help to stabilize the crystal structure

Foreign Firm Operations and Skills Development of Local Employees in Violence-hit Countries

Peer reviewedPostprin

Fair and QoS-oriented resource management in heterogeneous networks

In this paper, a heterogeneous network composed of femtocells deployed within a macrocell network is considered, and a quality-of-service (QoS)-oriented fairness metric which captures important characteristics of tiered network architectures is proposed. Using homogeneous Poisson processes, the sum capacities in such networks are expressed in closed form for co-channel, dedicated channel, and hybrid resource allocation methods. Then a resource splitting strategy that simultaneously considers capacity maximization, fairness constraints, and QoS constraints is proposed. Detailed computer simulations utilizing 3GPP simulation assumptions show that a hybrid allocation strategy with a well-designed resource split ratio enjoys the best cell-edge user performance, with minimal degradation in the sum throughput of macrocell users when compared with that of co-channel operation