Self-organizing inter-cell interference coordination in 4G and beyond networks using genetic algorithms

The design objective of the 4G and beyond networks is not only to provide high data rate services but also ensure a good subscriber experience in terms of quality of service. However, the main challenge to this objective is the growing size and heterogeneity of these networks. This paper proposes a genetic-algorithm-based approach for the self-optimization of interference mitigation parameters for downlink inter-cell interference coordination parameter in Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks. The proposed algorithm is generic in nature and operates in an environment with the variations in traffic, user positions and propagation conditions. A comprehensive analysis of the obtained simulation results is presented, which shows that the proposed approach can significantly improve the network coverage in terms of call accept rate as well as capacity in terms of throughput

Experimental Verification of Coupling Strength on the Mode-Localization in Single MEMS DETF Resonators and Its Application as a Force Sensor

This article presents an experimental verification of the mode-localization effect between the two tines of a single double-ended tuning fork (DETF) microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) resonator and its application in measuring forces in the micro-Newton range. The two tines of a DETF resonator are considered as individual resonators while coupling strength is tuned through a tines gap, which enables the DETF to operate either in two modes operational region or a modal overlap regime. Finite element method (FEM)-based simulations of DETF structures are performed to analyze the effect of the tines gap on mechanical coupling strength that shows the inverse relation. The DETF resonators with three different tine gaps of 20, 40, and 60 μ m are experimentally evaluated and an open-loop frequency response is obtained. The experimental results show that two fundamental flexure modes occur at 41.7 and 42.75 kHz for 20 μ m, 42.55 and 43.05 kHz for 40 μ m, and a single mode at 44 kHz for 60 μ m tines gap. This shows the operating region shift from two modes to a modal overlap operating region as the tines gap widens. The potential application of a single DETF as a force sensor has been investigated through experimental measurements, and the results revealed higher sensitivity, resolution, and dynamic range for a single-mode operating region

Towards Sweetness Classification of Orange Cultivars Using Short‑Wave NIR Spectroscopy

The global orange industry constantly faces new technical challenges to meet consumer demands for quality fruits. Instead of traditional subjective fruit quality assessment methods, the interest in the horticulture industry has increased in objective, quantitative, and non-destructive assessment methods. Oranges have a thick peel which makes their non-destructive quality assessment challenging. This paper evaluates the potential of short-wave NIR spectroscopy and direct sweetness classification approach for Pakistani cultivars of orange, i.e., Red-Blood, Mosambi, and Succari. The correlation between quality indices, i.e., Brix, titratable acidity (TA), Brix: TA and BrimA (Brix minus acids), sensory assessment of the fruit, and short-wave NIR spectra, is analysed. Mix cultivar oranges are classified as sweet, mixed, and acidic based on short-wave NIR spectra. Short-wave NIR spectral data were obtained using the industry standard F-750 fruit quality meter (310–1100 nm). Reference Brix and TA measurements were taken using standard destructive testing methods. Reference taste labels i.e., sweet, mix, and acidic, were acquired through sensory evaluation of samples. For indirect fruit classification, partial least squares regression models were developed for Brix, TA, Brix: TA, and BrimA estimation with a correlation coefficient of 0.57, 0.73, 0.66, and 0.55, respectively, on independent test data. The ensemble classifier achieved 81.03% accuracy for three classes (sweet, mixed, and acidic) classification on independent test data for direct fruit classification. A good correlation between NIR spectra and sensory assessment is observed as compared to quality indices. A direct classification approach is more suitable for a machine-learning-based orange sweetness classification using NIR spectroscopy than the estimation of quality indices

Analysis of Human Gait Cycle with Body Equilibrium based on leg Orientation

Gait analysis identifies the posture during movement in order to provide the correct actions for a normal gait. A person\u27s gait may differ from others and can be recognized by specific patterns. Healthy individuals exhibit normal gait patterns, while lower limb amputees exhibit abnormal gait patterns. To better understand the pitfalls of gait, it is imperative to develop systems capable of capturing the gait patterns of healthy individuals. The main objective of this research was to introduce a new concept in gait analysis by computing the static and dynamic equilibrium in a real-world environment. A relationship was also presented among the parameters stated as static \& dynamic equilibrium, speed, and body states. A sensing unit was installed on the designed metal-based leg mounting assembly on the lateral side of the leg. An algorithm was proposed based on two variables: the position of the leg in space and the angle of the knee joint measured by an IMU sensor and a rotary encoder. It was acceptable to satisfy the static conditions when the body was in a fixed position and orientation, whether lying down or standing. While walking and running, the orientation is determined by the position and knee angle variables, which fulfill the dynamic condition. High speed reveals a rapid change in orientation, while slow speed reveals a slow change in orientation. The proposed encoder-based feedback system successfully determined the flexion at 47$^\circ$, extension at 153$^\circ$, and all seven gait cycle phases were recognized within this range of motion. Body equilibrium facilitates individuals when they are at risk of falling or slipping

Design of tactile sensors for robotic hand control and upper limb prostheses

In this thesis, a journey of development of newer tactile sensors and sensing techniques is presented. The characterisation of a novel capacitance-based, tactile sensor designed to measure shear forces is discussed. The sensor design is targeted for use in robotic and prosthetic hands, where haptic feedback or the ability to detect shear forces associated with slip are critical. Sensors with a full-scale displacement range of ±0.525 mm were produced and the differential capacitance, when measured at each fixed interval, was found experimentally to have a maximum standard deviation of 0.428 fF over a ±2 N range. A maximum standard deviation of 1.35 fF was measured across the full scale sensor range of ±4 N. Due to the capacitive nature of the sensor, it suffers from low dynamic frequency response and a higher standard deviation in output under larger deformation.The design and fabrication of a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) based, mouse (or rodent) whisker mimicking, tactile sensor is also presented, which overcomes some of the limitations of the capacitance-based, shear sensing tactile sensor. Unlike previous designs reported in the literature, this sensor mimics the mouse whisker not only mechanically, but it also makes macro movements, just like a real mouse whisker in a natural environment. With the control system developed for this sensor, the whisker can vibrate between 5 to 236 Hz, similar to a real mouse whisker. The minimum standard deviation in sensor output, in terms of frequency is 0.649 Hz at 200 Hz, while minimum standard deviation in terms of voltage amplitude of sensor output is 0.0012 V at 200 Hz. The sensor has high bandwidth of 200Hz, but is limited to dynamic sensing only.To achieve both static and dynamic sensing, with high bandwidth, another design was conceived using a novel technique employing PVDF. Results show that within a test range of 0-12 N, applied static forces can be discriminated with a 95% level of confidence. Maximum standard deviation of 0.0074 V was observed at 1 N.The capacitance and both PVDF-based sensor designs, feature ease of mass production, low per-unit-cost, novel overload protection and a low wire count, while still preserving the ability to achieve reasonable spatial resolutions and array densities. Along the way, advantages and limitations of designs are discussed in detail and recommendations for future work are put forth

A Soft Multi-Axis High Force Range Magnetic Tactile Sensor for Force Feedback in Robotic Surgical Systems

This paper presents a multi-axis low-cost soft magnetic tactile sensor with a high force range for force feedback in robotic surgical systems. The proposed sensor is designed to fully decouple the output response for normal, shear and angular forces. The proposed sensor is fabricated using rapid prototyping techniques and utilizes Neodymium magnets embedded in an elastomer over Hall sensors such that their displacement produces a voltage change that can be used to calculate the applied force. The initial spacing between the magnets and the Hall sensors is optimized to achieve a large displacement range using finite element method (FEM) simulations. The experimental characterization of the proposed sensor is performed for applied force in normal, shear and 45° angular direction. The force sensitivity of the proposed sensor in normal, shear and angular directions is 16 mV/N, 30 mV/N and 81 mV/N, respectively, with minimum mechanical crosstalk. The force range for the normal, shear and angular direction is obtained as 0–20 N, 0–3.5 N and 0–1.5 N, respectively. The proposed sensor shows a perfectly linear behavior and a low hysteresis error of 8.3%, making it suitable for tactile sensing and biomedical applications. The effect of the material properties of the elastomer on force ranges and sensitivity values of the proposed sensor is also discussed

Advancements, Trends and Future Prospects of Lower Limb Prosthesis

Amputees with lower limb loss need special care during daily life activities to make the movement natural as before amputation. No such work exists covering the main aspects from causes of amputation to the psycho-social impact of the amputees after using the prosthetic device. This review presents for lower limb prosthesis; the study of lower limb amputation, design & development, control strategies & machine learning algorithms, the psycho-social impact of prosthetic users, and design trends in patents. Research articles, review papers, magazines, letters, study reports, surveys, and patents, etc. have been used as sources for this review. Traumatic injuries and different diseases have been found as common causes of amputation. Design & development section illustrates design mechanisms, the categories of passive, active, & semi-active prostheses, an overview of a subset of commercially available prosthetic devices, and 3D printing of the accessories. The control section provides information about control techniques, sensors used, machine learning algorithms, and their key outcomes. Quality of life, phantom limb pain, and psycho-social impact of prosthetic users have been summarized for different countries that are believed to attract the interest of the readers. We have also developed an open-source database “FAKH-50” for patents to emphasize the design trends and advancements in lower limb prostheses from 1970 to 2020. Overall trend analysis determined is in the descending order as the knee (48%) > ankle (28%) > foot (22%) > hip (2%) patents in the current version of our database. The forthcoming section highlights the challenges and prospects of the domain. A mutual observation demands the design of a bio-compatible, lightweight, and economic prosthesis to track the normal human gait by eliminating phantom limb pain. This will empower the amputees to live a quality life in society. This work may be beneficial for researchers, technicians, clinicians, and amputees

Efficient FIR Filter Implementations for Multichannel BCIs Using Xilinx System Generator

Background. Brain computer interface (BCI) is a combination of software and hardware communication protocols that allow brain to control external devices. Main purpose of BCI controlled external devices is to provide communication medium for disabled persons. Now these devices are considered as a new way to rehabilitate patients with impunities. There are certain potentials present in electroencephalogram (EEG) that correspond to specific event. Main issue is to detect such event related potentials online in such a low signal to noise ratio (SNR). In this paper we propose a method that will facilitate the concept of online processing by providing an efficient filtering implementation in a hardware friendly environment by switching to finite impulse response (FIR). Main focus of this research is to minimize latency and computational delay of preprocessing related to any BCI application. Four different finite impulse response (FIR) implementations along with large Laplacian filter are implemented in Xilinx System Generator. Efficiency of 25% is achieved in terms of reduced number of coefficients and multiplications which in turn reduce computational delays accordingly