Prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Sudan:a systematic review and meta-analysis

Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is still one of the most critical issues impeding worldwide TB control efforts. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to give an updated picture of the prevalence of DR-TB in Sudan. A comprehensive systematic search was performed on four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar) to identify all published studies reporting prevalence data of DR-TB in Sudan. Sixteen eligible studies published during 2002–2020 were included. Using meta-analysis of proportions, the pooled prevalence of TB cases with resistance to any anti-TB drugs was 47.0% (95% CI: 35.5–58.6%). The overall prevalence of mono, multi, poly and extensive drug resistance were estimated to be 16.2% (95% CI: 9.0–23.4%), 22.8% (95% CI: 16.0–29.7%), 6.8% (95% CI: 0.5–13.0%) and 0.7% (95% CI: 0–2.1%), respectively. Considering any first-line anti-TB drugs, the resistance prevalence was highest for isoniazid (32.3%) and streptomycin (31.7%), followed by rifampicin (29.2%). In contrast, resistance against second-line drugs was reported for only two antibiotics, namely, ofloxacin (2.1%) and kanamycin (0.7%). Of note, the resistance profile of the previously treated patients was found to be remarkably high compared with the newly diagnosed TB patients. The relatively high prevalence estimation of anti-TB drug resistance warrants strengthening TB control and treatment strategies in Sudan

Microbial Quality of Restaurants Foods in Suburban Area and Antibiotic Resistance

Despite the fact that ready-to-eat foods have gained popularity across the globe. Food safety is frequently overlooked as a major problem in this case. Antibiotic resistance is a long-standing concern regarding microbial diseases. This research was intended to explore the quality of the ready-to-eat foods available in the suburban and rural areas of Bangladesh. In addition, their association with the development of multi-drug resistance was explored. For this purpose, 12 food samples were randomly selected from the restaurants in a suburban area near Dhaka city. Then, the existence of bacteria and their antibiotic resistance capacity were examined through systematic biochemical and microbial experiments. Results showed that the presence of Staphylococcus epidermitis in milk was higher and the level of growth was undesirable according to FDA guidelines. The presence of Klebsiella in fried rice was also impermissible. Apparently, both Cephradine and Ampicillin revealed that they were not capable of inhibiting microbial growth because of their resistance. From the sensitivity test report, it is clear that people in rural areas are also under the threat of food-borne diseases and the development of antibiotic resistance because of the consumption of these kinds of contaminated ready-to-eat foods

Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant <i>Shigella</i> spp. in Bangladesh:A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 44,519 Samples

© 2023 The Authors. Published by MDPI. This is an open access article available under a Creative Commons licence. The published version can be accessed at the following link on the publisher’s website: https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050817Shigella is the leading global etiological agent of shigellosis, especially in poor and underdeveloped or developing nations with insufficient sanitation such as Bangladesh. Antibiotics are the only treatment option for the shigellosis caused by Shigella spp. as no effective vaccine exists. However, the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a serious global public health concern. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to establish the overall drug resistance pattern against Shigella spp. in Bangladesh. The databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant studies. This investigation comprised 28 studies with 44,519 samples. Forest and funnel plots showed any-drug, mono-drug, and multi-drug resistance. Any fluoroquinolone had a resistance rate of 61.9% (95% CI: 45.7–83.8%), any trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole—60.8% (95% CI: 52.4–70.5%), any azithromycin—38.8% (95% CI: 19.6–76.9%), any nalidixic acid—36.2% (95% CI: 14.2–92.4%), any ampicillin—34.5% (95% CI: 25.0–47.8%), and any ciprofloxacin—31.1% (95% CI: 11.9–81.3%). Multi-drug-resistant Shigella spp. exhibited a prevalence of 33.4% (95% CI: 17.3–64.5%), compared to 2.6% to 3.8% for mono-drug-resistant strains. Since resistance to commonly used antibiotics and multidrug resistance were higher, a judicious use of antibiotics, the promotion of infection control measures, and the implementation of antimicrobial surveillance and monitoring programs are required to tackle the therapeutic challenges of shigellosis.Published versio

Investigation of biological activities of Xeromphis uliginosa (Retz.) root extracts in Swiss-albino mice model, an extinctive medicinal plant of Bangladesh

Xeromphis. uliginosa (Retz.) is an extinctive Bangladeshi medicinal plant that is locally used for the treatments of pain, diabetes, diarrhea, depressant, and other diseases. The present study was conducted to evaluate the peripheral analgesic activity (PAA), central analgesic activity (CAA), central nervous system antidepressant activity (CNS-AD), antidiarrheal activity (ADA), and hypoglycaemic activity (HGA) of methanolic root extract of X. uliginosa (MREXU) in a mice model. The acetic acid-induced writhing inhibition and tail flick method were applied to determine the PAA and CAA of MREXU. The CNS-AD was measured using the phenobarbitone sodium-mediated sleeping method whereas, the castor oil-induced antidiarrheal method was used to determine the ADA of the crude extracts. To determine the HGA of MREXU crude extract, the tail tipping technique was conducted in a mice model. The MREXU displayed potential PAA and CAA in mice models. The MREXU 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly inhibit the number of writings along with diclofenac sodium. On the other hand, MREXU both doses significantly inhibit thermal stimulus after 60 and 90 minutes respectively. In the CNS-AD study, crude extract of 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly increase the onset of sleep by decreasing the duration of sleep. Similarly, the dose of 200 mg/kg significantly reduced diarrheal faeces for the whole 4 hours of experiments. The heartiest outcome of MREXU was displayed in the HGA assay. Both doses of MREXU significantly reduced the blood sugar level for the entire 3 hours of the experiments. In this study, it is revealed that the root of MREXU has extremely significant blood sugar-reducing activity, potential CNS-AD and mild to moderate nociceptive activity in the mice mode

Improvement of wastewater quality of Dhaleswari river, Bangladesh using submerged macrophyte Egeria densa

Clean water is one of the significant goals among the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which will be achieved by at least 2030. It includes six outcome-oriented targets- improve water quality, wastewater treatment, ensure freshwater supplies are three of them. In Bangladesh, Freshwater ecosystem is continuously degraded due to rapid industrialization, which occurred along the riverside areas. In this context, laboratory-based work has been conducted to analyze the water quality of Dhaleshwari River, Bangladesh, which has already been polluted by industrial waste. The collected water samples were treated by submerged macrophyte Egeria densa to observe the changing water quality parameters. The growth of plants and roots were assessed after 10 days of exposure to three categories of water treatment. Initial and final water quality parameters were observed by the analysis of pH, EC, TDS, TSS, Acidity, Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Ca Hardness, COD, Sulphate (SO42-), Phosphate (PO43) Total Chlorine (Cl-) and Copper (Cu2+). The result showed that almost all the toxic parameters of water were reduced significantly at the end of the experiment. The present study hypothesized that submerged macrophyte E. densa can be used as a potential tool to upgrade the water quality of polluted rivers.Keyword: Clean water, Submerged macrophyte, SDG 6, Dhaleswari River, Freshwater ecosyste

Influence of sowing date on growth and yield of summer mungbean varieties

Four mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] varieties viz. BINA moog2, BINA moog5, BINA moog6 and BINA moog7 were sown at 10 day intervals starting from 20 February to 11 April to identify the suitable variety (s) and optimum sowing date for getting maximum yield of summer mungbean. Among the varieties BINA moog7 was ranked first in terms of seed yield (938.40 kg ha-1) followed in order of BINA moog6 (711.72 kg ha-1), BINA moog5 (684.00 kg ha-1) and BINA moog2 (547.80 kg ha-1). BINA moog6 matured earlier than the other three varieties. The highest seed yield (969.62 kg ha-1) was obtained from 2 March sowing followed by 20 February (917.54 kg ha-1) and 12 March sowing (869.52 kg ha-1). Sowing after 2 March gradually decreased the seed yield producing the lowest value (388.87 kg ha-1) at 11 April sowing. In general, delayed sowing enhanced the maturity. BINA moog7 yielded the highest (1201.32 kg ha-1) when sown on 2 March, which was statistically similar to 20 February and 12 March sowing. Therefore, summer mungbean variety BINA moog7 may be sown during the period from 20 February to 12 March for higher seed yield and for late sowing, BINA moog6 may be considered as it matures earlier than others

The Effects of Preexisting Health Conditions and Vaccination on the COVID-19 Complications

In recent years, the coronavirus pandemic disease has been more fatal in the world. The presence of several comorbidities, particularly asthma, cardiovascular problems, diabetes, and kidney disease, has been linked to a worse prognosis of COVID-19 infection. This paper examined the progression of the disease, significant health risks, effects of vaccination and COVID-19 complications rates among people with comorbidities. A cross-sectional study has been conducted with direct interviews of 1002 patients in different parts of Bangladesh following a well-organized questionnaire. This study clearly shows that pre-existing health problems are extremely high-risk factors for long-term major health complications such as shortness of breath, hypertension, loss of taste and appetite, mental depression, dementia, uncontrolled blood pressure, and sugar levels during and after recovery from COVID-19 infection. Among them, almost 70% of asthma and cardiovascular disease patients were suffering from severe health complications, including shortness of breath, hypertension, and mental health problems, after getting the COVID-19 infection. Moreover, it also revealed that vaccination can significantly reduce the severity of COVID complications up to 50% compared to unvaccinated people. The overall finding of this study can be useful for the prediction of possible ways to avoid the life-threatening risk of COVID-19 infection for people who are already suffering from various preexisting health problems

Predictors of Enteric Pathogens in the Domestic Environment from Human and Animal Sources in Rural Bangladesh.

Fecal indicator organisms are measured to indicate the presence of fecal pollution, yet the association between indicators and pathogens varies by context. The goal of this study was to empirically evaluate the relationships between indicator Escherichia coli, microbial source tracking markers, select enteric pathogen genes, and potential sources of enteric pathogens in 600 rural Bangladeshi households. We measured indicators and pathogen genes in stored drinking water, soil, and on mother and child hands. Additionally, survey and observational data on sanitation and domestic hygiene practices were collected. Log10 concentrations of indicator E. coli were positively associated with the prevalence of pathogenic E. coli genes in all sample types. Given the current need to rely on indicators to assess fecal contamination in the field, it is significant that in this study context indicator E. coli concentrations, measured by IDEXX Colilert-18, provided quantitative information on the presence of pathogenic E. coli in different sample types. There were no significant associations between the human fecal marker (HumM2) and human-specific pathogens in any environmental sample type. There was an increase in the prevalence of Giardia lamblia genes, any E. coli virulence gene, and the specific E. coli virulence genes stx1/2 with every log10 increase in the concentration of the animal fecal marker (BacCow) on mothers' hands. Thus, domestic animals were important contributors to enteric pathogens in these households