Conditions for State and Control Constraint Activation in Coordination of Connected and Automated Vehicles

Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) provide the most intriguing opportunity to reduce pollution, energy consumption, and travel delays. In earlier work, we addressed the optimal coordination of CAVs using Hamiltonian analysis. In this paper, we investigate the nature of the unconstrained problem and provide conditions under which the state and control constraints become active. We derive a closed-form analytical solution of the constrained optimization problem and evaluate the solution using numerical simulation

Water-pipe smoking and albuminuria: new dog with old tricks

Water-pipe (WP) smoking is on rise worldwide for the past few years, particularly among younger individuals. Growing evidence indicates that WP smoking is as harmful as cigarette smoking. To date, most of the research has focused on acute health effects of WP smoking, and evidence remains limited when it comes to chronic health effects in relation to long-term WP smoking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the association between WP smoking and albuminuria in apparently healthy individuals. This analysis was conducted on data of a population-based cross-sectional study—the Urban Rural Chronic Diseases Study (URCDS). The study sample was recruited from three sites in Pakistan. Trained nurses carried out individual interviews and obtained the information on demographics, lifestyle factors, and past and current medical history. Measurements of complete blood count, lipid profile, fasting glucose level, and 24-hour albuminuria were also made by using blood and urine samples. Albumin excretion was classified into three categories using standard cut-offs: normal excretion, high-normal excretion and microalbuminuria. Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between WP smoking and albuminuria. The final analysis included data from 1,626 health individuals, of which 829 (51.0%) were males and 797 (49.0%) females. Of 1,626 individuals, 267 (16.4%) were current WP smokers and 1,359 (83.6%) were non-WP smokers. WP smoking was significantly associated with high-normal albuminuria (OR = 2.33, 95% CI 1.68-3.22, p-value <0.001) and microalbuminuria (OR = 1.75, 95% CI 1.18-2.58, p-value 0.005) after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, social class, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. WP smoking was significantly associated with high-normal albuminuria and microalbuminuria when analysis was stratified on hypertension and diabetes mellitus categories. WP smoking has a strong association with albuminuria in apparently healthy individuals. More research is warranted to evaluate the temporality of this association between WP smoking and albuminuria

Optimal Vehicle Dynamics and Powertrain Control for Connected and Automated Vehicles

The implementation of connected and automated vehicle technologies enables opportunities for a novel computational framework for real-time control actions aimed at optimizing energy consumption and associated benefits. In this paper, we present a two-level control architecture for a connected and automated plug-in hybrid electric vehicle to optimize simultaneously its speed profile and powertrain efficiency. We evaluate the proposed architecture through simulation in a network of vehicles.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, 1 table, conferenc

Performance Analysis of Optimally Coordinated Connected and Automated Vehicles in a Mixed Traffic Environment

Trajectory planning of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) poses significant challenges in a mixed traffic environment due to the presence of human-driven vehicles (HDVs). In this paper, we apply a framework that allows coordination of CAVs and HDVs traveling through a traffic corridor consisting of an on-ramp merging, a speed reduction zone, and a roundabout. We study the impact of different penetration rates of CAVs and traffic volumes on the efficiency of the corridor. We provide extensive simulation results and report on the benefits in terms of total travel time and fuel economy.Comment: 6 pages conferenc

Energy-Optimal Coordination of Connected and Automated Vehicles at Multiple Intersections

Urban intersections, merging roadways, roundabouts, and speed reduction zones along with the driver responses to various disturbances are the primary sources of bottlenecks in corridors that contribute to traffic congestion. The implementation of connected and automated technologies can enable a novel computational framework for real-time control aimed at optimizing energy consumption and travel time. In this paper, we propose a decentralized energy-efficient optimal control framework for two adjacent intersections. We derive a closed-form analytical solution that includes interior boundary conditions and evaluate the effectiveness of the solution through simulation. Fuel consumption and travel time are significantly reduced compared to the baseline scenario designed with conventional fixed time signalized intersections