27 research outputs found
Route and wavelength/waveband assignment for creation of compact hierarchical optical cross-connect for multi-ring connection
Simple Node Architectures for Connection of Two ROADM Rings Using Hierarchical Optical Path Routing
We propose a wavelength assignment algorithm for full mesh node connectivity of two connected, bidirectional ring networks. It is proved to minimize the necessary number of wavelengths. We also propose novel ring-connecting nodes that can reduce switch size by 90-50% compared to conventional arrangement
Hierarchical optical cross-connect architecture that implements colorless waveband add/drop ratio restriction utilizing a novel wavelength multi/demultiplexers
Compact Matrix-Switch-Based Hierarchical Optical Path Cross-Connect with Colorless Waveband Add/Drop Ratio Restriction
p62āmediated autophagy affects nutritionādependent insulin receptor substrate 1 dynamics in 3T3āL1 preadipocytes
Abstract Aims/Introduction Previous studies have shown that an organism's nutritional status changes the protein levels of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRSā1) in a tissueāspecific manner. Although the mechanisms underlying the regulation of IRSā1 in the nutrientārich conditions associated with diabetes and insulin resistance have been well studied, those under nutrientāpoor conditions remain unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate how IRSā1 protein levels change depending on the nutritional status of 3T3āL1 preadipocytes. Materials and Methods 3T3āL1 preadipocytes were treated with glucoseā, amino acidā and serumāfree medium for starvation. IRSā1 protein levels were detected by western blot. Autophagy activity was observed by western blot and fluorescence microscopy. The effect of autophagy and p62, an adaptor for selective autophagy, on IRSā1 protein levels under starvation conditions was examined by western blot and immunocytochemistry. Results We showed that the levels of IRSā1, but not those of insulin receptor and protein kinase B, decreased when starvation activated autophagy. The inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine or autophagyārelated 7 (Atg7) ribonucleic acid interference counteracted the starvationāinduced decrease of IRSā1. Additionally, Atg7 knockdown increased insulināstimulated phosphorylation of protein kinase B under starvation conditions. Furthermore, p62 colocalized with IRSā1 under starvation conditions, and p62 knockdown counteracted the starvationāinduced degradation of IRSā1. Conclusions Autophagy through p62 plays an important role in regulating IRSā1 protein levels in response to nutritional deficiency. The present findings suggest that autophagy might function as energy depletionāsensing machinery that finely tunes insulin signal transduction
Routing and wavelength/sub-wavelength path assignment to maximizing accommodated traffic demands on optical networks
Monolithically Integrated Waveband Selective Switch Using Cyclic AWGs
We propose a novel waveband-selective switch that uses cyclic Arrayed-Waveguide Gratings. The device is fabricated on one chip using Planer Lightwave Circuit technologies. Tests demonstrate that the designed performance is successfully realized