Communication—Alkyl-Chain-Length Dependence of Quaternary Ammonium Cation on Zn Deposition Morphology in Alkaline-Based Electrolytes

ArticleJournal of The Electrochemical Society. 166(10): A2242 (2019)journal articl

Interreg Programs in the French and Swiss Border Regions

EU の共同体イニシアティブの１つであるInterreg プログラムの主な目的は，EU 内の国境を挟む地域間の市民レベルでの協力関係を発展させ，国境を越えた地域間統合を進めることであるが，Interregには国境を接するEU 内地域とEU 外地域との間の協力関係を促進するという目的も含まれている。本稿の対象はこの後者のケースに属すフランスとスイスの国境地域におけるInterreg プログラムである。スイス・フランス間のInterreg に関しては，バーゼル国境地域あるいはオーバーライン地方というフランス，ドイツ，スイスの３カ国が接する地域に関する伊東（２００３）と八木・若森（２００６）の研究が存在するが，本稿の対象とする地域に関する研究は存在しない。よって，本稿では，主にInterreg　II の『事後評価報告書』（LRDP，２００３a，２００３b）とInterreg IIIA の『中間評価』（Evaluanda，２００３）に依拠して，フランス・スイス間の越境地域間協力の実態を示すことにしたい。なお，本稿が対象とするケースはInterreg プログラムのうち，国境を挟む地域間の協力事業プログラムであり，これは 歴史的に１９９０～１９９３年のInterreg I，１９９４～１９９９年のInterreg IIA および２０００～２００６年のInterreg IIIA へと発展してきている。本稿の対象となる地域のInterreg プログラムは，オーバーライン地方と同様に，EU 内のフランスとEU 外のスイスとの間の越境地域間協力事業である。対象となる地域は，フランス側ではリヨン（Lyon）を中心都市にもつローヌ・アルプ（Rhône−Alps）地域（レジョン）の東北部と，ブザンソン（Besançon）を中心都市とするフロンシュ・コンテ（Franche−Comté）地域の東部であり，スイス側ではバーゼル（Basel）とジュネーヴ（Genève）を結ぶスイス西部のフランス語地域である。よっ て，この両地域には言語の障害は存在しない。また歴史的には，ジュネーヴはローヌ・アルプ・レジョンのオート・サヴォワ（Haute−Savoie）県との結びつきが強く，ジュネーヴとアンヌマス（Annemasse）は国境を挟んだ大都市圏を発展させている。さらに労働市場を見れば，両地域の経済状態を反映していると言えるが，フランス側からスイス側への越境通勤者が多く（約４万人），経済的結びつきも深いように見える。実際，ピット（２００３）はフランスのトランスボーダー地域の分類において，ジュネーヴ地域をリール地域と並ぶ「国境を越えた隣接地域間に密接な結びつきをもつ地域」に分類していた。ただし，Interreg II の『事後評価報告書』（LRDP，２００３a）によれば，フランス・スイス国境地帯の孤立状態は中程度であるとされており，孤立状態の最も低いオーバーライン地方やフランス・ベルギー国境地帯ほどの緊密な結びつきはない。しかも，フランス・スイス国境地帯 は北部と南部では地理的・歴史的特性が異なり，ジュネーヴを中心としたレマン地域では地域連携が比較的緊密であるのに対して，北部のジュラ山脈という自然の障害をもつジュラ地域ではレマン地域ほど結びつきは強くない。このような地域的特性を反映して，Interreg IIA プログラムでは，ジュ ラ・プログラムとローヌ・アルプ・プログラムが別々に実施されてきた。よって以下では，Interreg対象地域の地域的特性を説明（第２節）した後に，まずはInterreg IIA のジュラ・プログラムとローヌ・アルプ・プログラムを概観して問題点を示す（第３節）。次いで，両プログラムをサブプログラムに包摂したInterreg IIIA フランス・スイス・プログラムのガバナンス上の特徴と問題点を示すことにする（第４節）。The Community initiative Interreg Program of the European Union (EU) started aiming at cooperation in the European regions where countries share their borders. The establishment of the EU had brought the free circulation of people, goods and capitals among its member countries, and the Shengen agreement abolished the border inspection between its signatory countries. However the borders still exist in people living in the border regions. Then came the Interreg program. It was developed in order to promote cross−border communications and cooperation. This paper explains the current state of cross−border cooperation and problems by taking the border regions between the France and the Swiss as an example of cross−border cooperation between a member country and a non−member country of the EU. The border area is comprised of the Jura region and the Genevese region. People in the former region speak the same language, French, but being separated by the border without any communication before the Interreg program. As for the latter region, cooperation relationships had existed between people living there before the program, because of such factors : the common history both people share, the metropolitan area stretching over both sides−Genève and Annemasse−, and the existence of thousands commuters who go to work everyday from French region to Swiss region. Our analysis shows that the France−Swiss Interreg program has been contributing to the opening of the border and the promotion of the communication and mutual understanding between the cross−border regions. It also illustrates persistent financial problems that exist in the regions. The revision of the Interreg IIA program for the Interreg IIIA corrected many administrative problems, but not the financial problems. The Interreg budgets are managed separately by each side of the border. The French regions receive the financial assistance from the European Regional Development Fund, whereas the budget of the Swiss regions is only covered by the Swiss Confederation government. It leads to a big asymmetry in the financial situation between them, which might be a major constraint in promoting further cross−border cooperation

UNEXPECTED ECTOPIC BONE FORMATION ON THE DORSUM OF A FOOT AFTER FREE PERONEAL FLAP TRANSFER : A CASE REPORT

We experienced a case in which ectopic bone formation with trabecular structures occurred after free peroneal flap transfer containing periosteum of a fibula onto a soft tissue defect on the dorsum of a foot in a 2-year 9-month-old boy. In this case, ectopic bone formation was detected by radiography 5 months after the operation and the bone was removed because of the restricted dorsiflexion of the ankle. This case suggests that new bone can be formed by the periosteum if it is grafted with its vasculature preserved by microvascular anastomosis

TAT モノガタリ ニ ミラレル タイジン フアン ノ アラワレカタ ノ トクチョウ ニツイテ : ジコ コウテイ イシキ トノ カンレン カラ

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of psychological projective method TAT (Thematic apperception test) as an assessment tool detecting interpersonal anxiety and affirmative self-consciousness on undergraduate students. On the first study, subjects’ narratives to all of TAT cards were analyzed in criteria of evoking high anxiety response and self-affirmatives. Eleven of TAT cards were selected as stimulus cards projecting anxiety and self-affirmative. Subjects responded to an interpersonal-anxiety questionnaire and a self-affirmative questionnaire, and they were asked to make narratives of selected eleven of TAT cards. The result showed that subjects with high interpersonal-anxiety gave narratives of conflicting or keeping a positive interrelationship with others. On the other hand, subjects with high self-affirmative gave narratives of having a positive interrelationship or expressing a positive expectation to their future. For the next study, five of eleven cards were selected in criteria of projecting high self-anxiety and self-affirmative; cards 1, 2, 9GF, 13B and 14 were selected. On the second study, post-TAT questionnaire items were created for feedback to subject’s self-understanding of anxiety or affirmative. And the responses of post-TAT questionnaire items were examined. Result showed that subjects with high-anxiety were sensitive to expression of gazing. Through responding to post-TAT questionnaire items, subjects noticed new aspect of interpersonal relationship and their self-recognition as a result

Study of hadron interactions in a lead-emulsion target

Topological and kinematical characteristics of hadron interactions have been studied using a lead-emulsion target exposed to 2, 4 and 10 GeV/c hadron beams. A total length of 60 m $\pi^-$ tracks was followed using a high speed automated emulsion scanning system. A total of 318 hadron interaction vertices and their secondary charged particle tracks were reconstructed. Measurement results of interaction lengths, charged particle multiplicity, emission angles and momenta of secondary charged particles are compared with a Monte Carlo simulation and appear to be consistent. Nuclear fragments emitted from interaction vertices were also detected by a newly developed emulsion scanning system with wide-angle acceptance. Their emission angle distributions are in good agreement with the simulated distributions. Probabilities of an event being associated with at least one fragment track are found to be greater than 50% for beam momentum $P > 4$ GeV/c and are well reproduced by the simulation. These experimental results validate estimation of the background due to hadron interactions in the sample of $\tau$ decay candidates in the OPERA $\nu_{\mu} \to \nu_{\tau}$ oscillation experiment.Comment: 14 pages, 11 figure

Design of bendable high-frequency circuits based on short-channel InGaZnO TFTs

A unique requirement of flexible electronic systems is the need to simultaneously optimize their electrical and mechanical performance. Amorphous InGaZnO thin-film transistors (TFTs) fabricated on free-standing large-area plastic substrates address this issue by providing a carrier mobility >10 cm 2 /Vs, and bendability down to radii as small as 25 μm. At the same time, limitations such as a constrained minimum lateral feature size, the lack of appropriate p-type materials, or the influence of strain have to be considered when designing circuits. Here, models describing the scaling and bending behavior of flexible InGaZnO TFTs, together with the design of strain insensitive circuits operating at megahertz frequencies are presented

Flexible InGaZnO TFTs with fmax above 300 MHz

n this letter, the AC performance and influence of bending on flexible IGZO thin-film transistors, exhibiting a maximum oscillation frequency (maximum power gain frequency) fmax beyond 300 MHz, are presented. Self-alignment was used to realize TFTs with channel length down to 0.5 μm. The layout of this TFTs was optimized for good AC performance. Besides the channel dimensions this includes ground-signal-ground contact pads. The AC performance of this short channel devices was evaluated by measuring their two port scattering parameters. These measurements were used to extract the unity gain power frequency from the maximum stable gain and the unilateral gain. The two complimentary definitions result in fmax values of (304 ± 12)MHz and (398 ± 53) MHz, respectively. Furthermore, the transistor performance is not significantly altered by mechanical strain. Here, fmax reduces by 3.6% when a TFT is bent to a tensile radius of 3.5 mm

Shear bond strength of rebonded brackets after removal of adhesives with Er,Cr:YSGG laser

This study was conducted to examine the bond strength of rebonded orthodontic brackets after adhesive residuals on the surface of the bracket bases were removed by Er,Cr:YSGG lasers. Seventy-six brackets bonded to premolars with a self-etching primer adhesive system were equally divided into four groups after the first debonding with the bracket bases (Group 1) untreated, and treated by (Group 2) Er,Cr:YSGG laser, (Group 3) sandblaster, and (Group 4) Er,Cr:YSGG laser/sandblaster. The treated brackets were rebonded to the new premolars in the same manner as the first-stage experiment. The shear bond strengths were measured, with the bonding/debonding procedures repeated once after the first debonding, and the bracket/adhesive failure modes were evaluated after each debonding. The treated bracket base surfaces were observed under a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mean rebond strengths were significantly lower in group 1 than in other groups, and that there were no significant differences between the other groups. The mean initial bond strength was significantly higher than the mean rebond strength in group 1 but there was no significant difference between the two in the other three groups. Failures at the bracket-adhesive interface occurred frequently at second debonding in group 1. Under the SEM, residual adhesive was removed from the bracket bases by Er,Cr:YSGG laser, while adhesive remnant was seen underneath the meshwork of the bracket bases and microroughness appeared on the meshwork after sandblasting. Er,Cr:YSGG laser certainly could serve the purpose of promoting the use of recycled orthodontic brackets

Potential endocrine effects of hypothalamic peptide "neurotensin" on pancreas in dogs

Effects of synthetic neurotensin on the endocrine pancreas were studied in nine normal and six hypophysectomized (10th to 14th day post-hypophysectomy) dogs. Synthetic neurotensin was administered into the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, and plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations were measured radioimmunologically. In normal dogs, ten microgram/kg neurotensin administration brought about a mild hyperglycemic response and sharp and rapid increase of plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations in the superior pancreaticoduodenal vein. A biphasic insulin response was noted in the pancreatic vein. The results suggest that a large dose of neurotensin acts directly on the endocrine pancreas causing secretion of these hormones. In hypophysectomized dogs, basal levels of plasma insulin and glucagon were decreased and neurotensin had little effect on the endocrine pancreas even with the administration of a large dose.</p