イネの乾燥耐性改良に向けた光酸化傷害の遺伝子型間変異に関する研究

京都大学0048新制・課程博士博士(農学)甲第17637号農博第1999号新制||農||1011(附属図書館)学位論文||H25||N4758(農学部図書室)30403京都大学大学院農学研究科農学専攻(主査)教授 白岩 立彦, 教授 奥本 裕, 教授 稲村 達也学位規則第4条第1項該当Doctor of Agricultural ScienceKyoto UniversityDA

Impact of different planting date on shoot growth and tuber development of white Guinea yam grown in Guinea Savanna

White Guinea yam is a tuber crop characterized by a long growth period over the entire rainy season, which is affected by changes in rainfall patterns owing to climate change. In this study, we investigated the effects of shifting the planting date of yam seed tubers on shoot growth and tuber development, which could be a plausible measure for adapting to changes in rainfall patterns. Our results revealed that tuber enlargement in plants with different planting dates started depending on the days after planting rather than the day of the year. This indicates that day length had little effect on tuberization. The final tuber yield was rarely affected by low rainfall during the early growth stage, whereas severe yield reduction occurred when the rainfall stopped during the tuberization period. We conclude that shifting the planting date backward to adjust for delayed rainy seasons increases the risk of severe yield reduction

The effects of cross-tolerance to oxidative stress and drought stress on rice dry matter production under aerobic conditions

Oxidative damage occurring in plant cells under drought stress is a known cause of reduced plant primary production. Decreasing oxidative damage through oxidative stress tolerance is expected to confer drought stress tolerance. In this study, we estimated cross-tolerance to oxidative stress and drought stress for breeding populations and analyzed the effects of the cross-tolerance on dry matter production in field experiments. For a total of 91 rice genotypes, including 72 backcross lines (BCLs), cross-tolerance was estimated from the first principal component score (PCS1) derived from a principal component analysis using a data set with a parameter of chlorophyll fluorescence and cell membrane stability index in both the oxidative and the drought stress treatments as the factors. The higher cross-tolerance was represented by the higher PCS1, and generally the values of PCS1 were segregated in the BCLs, suggesting that cross-tolerance is a heritable trait that can be improved by crossbreeding. The effects of positive and negative PCS1 on dry matter production under flooded and aerobic conditions were tested in field experiments. The decrease in dry matter production under aerobic conditions was smaller for the positive PCS1 genotypes. However, these genotypes also showed a lower stomatal conductance and smaller shoot biomass, especially under flooded conditions. We concluded that cross-tolerance is a useful trait for improving dry matter production, especially under severe drought stress. In view of the trade-offs between cross-tolerance and dry matter production, it is important to develop rice varieties with an optimal level of cross-tolerance for a target environment characterized by drought stress

Genotypic Diversity of Cross-Tolerance to Oxidative and Drought Stresses in Rice Seedlings Evaluated by the Maximum Quantum Yield of Photosystem II and Membrane Stability

The genotypic variation of oxidative damage under oxidative and drought stresses was evaluated for a total of 67 rice cultivars consisting of 61 from the rice diversity research set of germplasm and 6 high-yielding varieties. The maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and the membrane stability index (MSI) were measured to assess the oxidative damage induced by methyl viologen (MV) for oxidative stress and polyethylene glycol (PEG) for drought stress. Considerable variations in Fv/Fm and MSI among the cultivars in MV treatment indicated the existence of genotypic diversity in the susceptibility to oxidative damage. The weak relationships of Fv/Fm and MSI between MV and PEG treatment suggested that mechanisms other than oxidative stress tolerance affected the genotypic diversity of oxidative damage in PEG treatment. We used principal component analysis to quantify the cross-tolerance to oxidative damage under MV and PEG treatments: cross-tolerance was higher in cultivars in the japonica group than in the indica groups and higher in the improved cultivars than in the landraces. These results suggest that genotypic diversity of cross-tolerance is related to adaptation to the ecosystem where the genotypes originated and that the characteristics responsible for the tolerance to oxidative damage have been selected during breeding for improved grain yield

A rapid quantification method for tissue Na+ and K+ concentrations in salt-tolerant and susceptible accessions in Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich.

A rapid quantification method for leaf sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) concentrations was developed using a compact ion meter. Leaf ion concentrations were evaluated for species of Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich. after two weeks of treatment with 0–200 mM of sodium chloride. To compare the ion extraction efficiency, extraction solutions of distilled water and ammonium acetate were tested. The ion concentrations of extracts obtained by both solutions were measured using an ion meter, and the values were validated using ion chromatography. For both extraction solutions, the ion meter values were highly correlated with those of the ion chromatograph. However, correlations between ion meter and chromatograph values were largely different for Na+ and K+. The rapid quantification of ion concentrations using an ion meter developed in this study was successfully utilized for evaluating differences in leaf Na+ concentrations, K+ concentrations, and K+/Na+ ratio in species of V. vexillata

The Long-Term Changes in Midday Photoinhibition in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Growing under Fluctuating Soil Water Conditions

Rice crops growing under fluctuating soil water conditions in a rainfed field frequently experience severe photoinhibition at midday, potentially decreasing their biomass production. In this study, the long-term changes in midday photoinhibition in five rice cultivars growing under variable soil water conditions in a rainfed field were evaluated by determining the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm). Fv/Fm was generally lower under rainfed conditions than under flooded conditions at 65 – 75 days after sowing (DAS), but was similar under both conditions at 109 – 124 DAS. This mitigation of photoinhibition over time is likely an up-regulation of mechanisms to dissipate excess electrons, and an analysis of covariance showed that the degree of mitigation under the rainfed condition varied among the cultivars. Such genotypic differences in the long-term changes in Fv/Fm might be determined by the capacity of the cultivar to adapt to drought conditions

Diversity of Drought Tolerance in the Genus Vigna

Wild relatives of crop plants are thought as reservoir of prominent genetic resources for abiotic stress tolerance. However, insufficient information on genetic variation and phenotypic traits restricts their use for crop breeding. This study focused on wild species of genus Vigna (family Fabaceae) originated from highly humid to arid regions. To clarify the diversity of drought tolerance during the vegetative stage, 69 accessions, including 15 domesticated, and 54 wild accessions, were evaluated under two drought conditions of non-terminal and terminal stresses. In the non-terminal drought condition, the plants were grown in pipes of different heights where surface soil water content decreased faster in pipes with greater height. Relative shoot biomass was used for tolerance evaluation and we identified 19 drought tolerant accessions. Almost of them were wild accessions showing higher relative shoot biomass than that in the domesticated accessions. Domesticated species were mostly classified as drought susceptible but could be improved using tolerant conspecific wild ancestors with cross-compatibility. The tolerance was related with higher plant water status presumably due to small water consumption. However, the variation of drought tolerance could not be explained by simple tolerance factor alone, and other tolerance mechanisms such as deep rooting and increasing in root biomass were found in the tolerant accessions. In the terminal drought condition, the plants were grown in small pots, and the watering was stopped to expose them extreme and rapid soil water scarcity. The tolerance was evaluated as the number of days until wilting. However, the accessions found to be tolerant in the pot experiment were not the same as those in the pipe experiment. In this condition, plant water status was not related with the length of days to wilting. This indicates that different mechanisms are necessary for adaptation to each of the non-terminal and terminal drought conditions. Many accessions were tolerant to one of the conditions, although we identified that some accessions showed tolerance in both experiments. The great diversity in drought tolerance in the genus Vigna might serve to both improve crop drought tolerance and understand the mechanisms of adaptation in drought-prone environments