Survey of European neurosurgeons’ management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: inconsistent practice and organization

Background - The discovery of an unruptured intracranial aneurysm creates a dilemma between observation and treatment. Neurosurgeons’ routines for risk assessment and treatment decision-making are unknown. The position of evidence-based medicine in European neurosurgery is considered to be weak, high-grade guidelines do not exist and variations between institutions are probable. We aimed to explore European neurosurgeons’ management routines for newly discovered unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Methods - In cooperation with the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies (EANS), we conducted an online, cross-sectional survey of 420 European neurosurgeons during Spring/Summer 2016 (1533 non-Norwegians invited through the EANS, and 16 Norwegians invited through heads of departments because of the need for additional information for a separate study). We asked about demographic variables, routines for management and risk assessment of newly discovered unruptured intracranial aneurysms and presented a case. We collected information about gross domestic product (GDP) per capita from the International Monetary Fund. Results - The respons rate to the invite from the EANS was 26%, with respondents from 47 countries. More than half of the respondents (n = 226 [54%]) reported that their department treated less than 25 unruptured aneurysms yearly. Forty percent said their department used aneurysm size cut-off to guide treatment decisions, with a mean size of 6 mm. Presented with a case, respondents from countries with a lower GDP per capita recommended intervention more often than respondents from higher-income countries. Vascular neurosurgeons more commonly recommended observation. Conclusion - The answers to this self-reported survey indicate that many centers have a treatment volume lower than recommended by international guidelines, and that there are socioeconomic differences in care. Better documentation of treatment and outcome, for example with clinical quality registries, is needed to drive improvements of care

Prevalence of intracranial artery stenosis in a general population using 3D-time of flight magnetic resonance angiography

Background: Data on prevalence of intracranial artery stenosis (ICAS) in Western populations is sparse. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors for ICAS in a mainly Caucasian general population. Methods: We assessed the prevalence of ICAS in 1847 men and women aged 40 to 84 years who participated in a cross-sectional population-based study, using 3-dimensional time-of-flight 3 Tesla magnetic resonance angiography. ICAS was defined as a focal luminal flow diameter reduction of ≥50 %. The association between cardiovascular risk factor levels and ICAS was assessed by multivariable regression analysis. Results: The overall prevalence of ICAS was 6.0 % (95 % confidence interval (CI) 5.0–7.2), 4.3 % (95 % CI 3.1–5.7) in women and 8.0 % (95 % CI 6.3–10.0) in men. The prevalence increased by age from 0.8 % in 40-54 years age group to 15.2 % in the 75-84 years age group. The majority of stenoses was located to the internal carotid artery (52.2 %), followed by the posterior circulation (33.1 %), the middle cerebral artery (10.8 %) and the anterior cerebral artery (3.8 %). The risk of ICAS was independently associated with higher age, male sex, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, current smoking and higher BMI. Conclusions: The prevalence of ICAS in a general population of Caucasians was relatively high and similar to the prevalence of extracranial internal carotid artery stenosis in previous population-based studies

Prevalence of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: impact of different definitions-the Tromsø Study

Background - Management of incidental unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) remains challenging and depends on their risk of rupture, estimated from the assumed prevalence of aneurysms and the incidence of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Reported prevalence varies, and consistent criteria for definition of UIAs are lacking. We aimed to study the prevalence of UIAs in a general population according to different definitions of aneurysm. Methods - Cross-sectional population-based study using 3-dimensional time-of-flight 3 Tesla MR angiography to identify size, type and location of UIAs in 1862 adults aged 40–84 years. Size was measured as the maximal distance between any two points in the aneurysm sac. Prevalence was estimated for different diameter cutoffs (≥1, 2 and 3 mm) with and without inclusion of extradural aneurysms. Results - The overall prevalence of intradural saccular aneurysms ≥2 mm was 6.6% (95% CI 5.4% to 7.6%), 7.5% (95% CI 5.9% to 9.2%) in women and 5.5% (95% CI 4.1% to 7.2%) in men. Depending on the definition of an aneurysm, the overall prevalence ranged from 3.8% (95% CI 3.0% to 4.8%) for intradural aneurysms ≥3 mm to 8.3% (95% CI 7.1% to 9.7%) when both intradural and extradural aneurysms ≥1 mm were included. Conclusion - Prevalence in this study was higher than previously observed in other Western populations and was substantially influenced by definitions according to size and extradural or intradural location. The high prevalence of UIAs sized <5 mm may suggest lower rupture risk than previously estimated. Consensus on more robust and consistent radiological definitions of UIAs is warranted

Prompt closure versus gradual weaning of external ventricular drainage for hydrocephalus following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: Protocol for the DRAIN randomised clinical trial

Background: Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH) is a life-threatening disease caused by rupture of an intracranial aneurysm. A common complication following aSAH is hydrocephalus, for which placement of an external ventricular drain (EVD) is an important first-line treatment. Once the patient is clinically stable, the EVD is either removed or replaced by a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. The optimal strategy for cessation of EVD treatment is, however, unknown. Gradual weaning may increase the risk of EVD-related infection, whereas prompt closure carries a risk of acute hydrocephalus and redundant shunt implantations. We designed a randomised clinical trial comparing the two commonly used strategies for cessation of EVD treatment in patients with aSAH. Methods: DRAIN is an international multi-centre randomised clinical trial with a parallel group design comparing gradual weaning versus prompt closure of EVD treatment in patients with aSAH. Participants are randomised to either gradual weaning which comprises a multi-step increase of resistance over days, or prompt closure of the EVD. The primary outcome is a composite outcome of VP-shunt implantation, all-cause mortality, or ventriculostomy-related infection. Secondary outcomes are serious adverse events excluding mortality, functional outcome (modified Rankin scale), health-related quality of life (EQ-5D) and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). Outcome assessment will be performed 6 months after ictus. Based on the sample size calculation (event proportion 80% in the gradual weaning group, relative risk reduction 20%, type I error 5%, power 80%), 122 patients are needed in each intervention group. Outcome assessment for the primary outcome, statistical analyses and conclusion drawing will be blinded

Outcome of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in a population-based cohort: Retrospective registry study

BACKGROUND: Studies of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage report an association between higher patient volumes and better outcomes. In regions with dispersed settlement, this must be balanced against the advantages with shorter prehospital transport times and timely access. The aim of this study is to report outcome for unselected aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage cases from a well-defined rural population treated in a low-volume neurosurgical center. METHODS: This is a retrospective, population-based, observational cohort study from northern Norway (population 486 450). The University Hospital of North Norway provides the only neurosurgical service. We retrieved data for all aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage cases (n=332) admitted during 2007 through 2019 from an institution-specific register. The outcome measures were mortality rates and functional status assessed with the modified Rankin scale. RESULTS: The mean annual number of cases was 26 (range, 16–38) and the mean crude incidence rate 5.4 per 100 000 personyears. Two hundred seventy-nine of 332 (84%) cases underwent aneurysm repair, 158 (47.5%) with endovascular techniques and 121 (36.4%) with microsurgical clipping, while 53 (15.9%) did not. The overall mortality rate was 16.0% at discharge and 23.8% at 12 months. The proportion with a favorable outcome (modified Rankin scale scores 0–2) was 36.1% at discharge and 51.5% at 12 months. In subgroup analysis of cases who underwent aneurysm repair, the mortality rate was 4.7% at discharge and 11.8% at 12 months, and the proportion with a favorable outcome 42.3% at discharge and 59.9% at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: We report satisfactory outcomes after treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in a low-volume neurosurgical department serving a rural population. This indicates a reasonable balance between timely access to treatment and hospital case volume

Cerebral aneurysm morphology before and after rupture: nation-wide case series of 29 aneurysms

Background and Purpose: Using postrupture morphology to predict rupture risk of an intracranial aneurysm may be inaccurate because of possible morphological changes at or around the time of rupture. The present study aims at comparing morphology from angiograms obtained prior to and just after rupture and to evaluate whether postrupture morphology is an adequate surrogate for rupture risk. Methods: Case series of 29 aneurysms from a nationwide retrospective data collection. Two neuroradiologists who were blinded to pre- versus postrupture images assessed predefined morphological parameters independently and reached consensus regarding all measurements. Prerupture morphology and respective changes after rupture were quantified and linked to risk factors and to the risk of rupture according to the PHASES (population, hypertension, age, size of aneurysm, earlier subarachnoid hemorrhage from another aneurysm, site of aneurysm) and unruptured intracranial aneurysm treatment (UIAT) scores. Results: All 1-dimensional parameter medians were significantly larger after rupture, except neck diameter. Number of aneurysms with daughter sacs was 9 (31%) before and 17 (59%) after rupture (P=0.005). Aneurysm growth from the images prior to and just after rupture increased with the time elapsed between images. Aneurysms in patients with hypertension were significantly larger at diagnosis. Prerupture morphology did not differ in relation to smoke status. Clinical risk factors were not significantly associated with morphological change. Conclusions: The changes in aneurysm morphology observed after rupture reflect the compound effect of time with successive growth and formation of irregularities and the impact of rupture per se. Postrupture morphology should not be considered an adequate surrogate for the prerupture morphology in the evaluation of rupture risk

Reoperation-requiring postoperative intracranial haemorrhage after posterior fossa craniotomy: Retrospective case-series

Introduction: Studies report rates of treatment-requiring postoperative intracranial haemorrhage after craniotomy around 1–2%, but do not distinguish between supratentorial and posterior fossa operations. Reports about intracranial haemorrhages’ temporal occurrence show conflicting results. Recommendations for duration of postoperative monitoring vary. Research question: To determine the rate, temporal pattern and clinical presentation of reoperation-requiring postoperative intracranial posterior fossa haemorrhage. Material and methods: This retrospective case-series identified cases operated with posterior fossa craniotomy or craniectomy between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2021 by an electronic search in the patient administrative database, and collected data about patient- and treatment-characteristics, postoperative monitoring, and the occurrence of haemorrhagic and other serious postoperative complications. Results: We included 62 (n = 34, 55% women) cases with mean age 48 (interquartile range 50) years operated for tumours (n = 34, 55%), Chiari malformations (n = 18, 29%), ischemic stroke (n = 6, 10%) and other lesions (n = 3, 5%). One (2%) 66-year-old woman who was a daily smoker operated with decompressive craniectomy and infarct resection, developed a reoperation-requiring postoperative intracranial haemorrhage after 25.5 h. In four (6%) cases, other serious complications requiring reoperation or transfer from the post anaesthesia care unit or regular bed wards to the intensive care unit occurred after 0.5, 6, 9 and 54 h, respectively. Discussion and conclusion: Treatment-requiring postoperative intracranial haemorrhage and other serious complications after posterior fossa craniotomies occur over a wide timespan and are difficult to capture with a standardized postoperative monitoring time. This indicates that the duration of monitoring should be individualized based on assessment of risk factors

A fully-coupled fluid-structure interaction simulation of cerebral aneurysms

This paper presents a computational vascular fluid-structure interaction (FSI) methodology and its application to patient-specific aneurysm models of the middle cerebral artery bifurcation. A fully coupled fluid-structural simulation approach is reviewed, and main aspects of mesh generation in support of patient-specific vascular FSI analyses are presented. Quantities of hemodynamic interest such as wall shear stress and wall tension are studied to examine the relevance of FSI modeling as compared to the rigid arterial wall assumption. We demonstrate the importance of including the flexible wall modeling in vascular blood flow simulations by performing a comparison study that involves four patient-specific models of cerebral aneurysms varying in shape and size

Anatomical variations in the circle of Willis are associated with increased odds of intracranial aneurysms: The Tromsø study

Purpose: Studies on patients suggest an association between anatomical variations in the Circle of Willis (CoW) and intracranial aneurysms (IA), but it is unclear whether this association is present in the general population. In this cross-sectional population study, we investigated the associations between CoW anatomical variations and IA. Methods: We included 1667 participants from a population sample with 3 T MRI time-of-flight angiography (40–84 years, 46.5% men). Saccular IAs were defined as protrusions in the intracranial arteries ≥2 mm, while variants of the CoW were classified according to whether segments were missing or hypoplastic (< 1 mm). We used logistic regression, adjusting for age and IA risk factors, to assess whether participants with incomplete CoW variants had a greater prevalence of IA and whether participants with specific incomplete variants had a greater prevalence of IA. Results: Participants with an incomplete CoW had an increased prevalence of IA (OR, 2.3 [95% CI 1.05–5.04]). This was mainly driven by the variant missing all three communicating arteries (OR, 4.2 [95% CI 1.7–1 0.3]) and the variant missing the P1 segment of the posterior cerebral artery (OR, 3.6 [95% CI 1.2–10.1]). The combined prevalence of the two variants was 15.4% but accounted for 28% of the IAs. Conclusion: The findings suggest that an incomplete CoW is associated with an increased risk of IA for adults in the general population