The Geographical Mobility of Maori in New Zealand

This paper describes the geographical location and internal mobility of the Maori ethnic group in New Zealand between 1991 and 2001. It is often suggested that Maori are less mobile than other ethnic groups because of attachment to particular geographical locations. We compare the mobility of Maori in particular locations to the mobility of similar Europeans in those same locations and find that, contrary to this anecdotal evidence, most Maori are, on average, more mobile than Europeans in New Zealand. We do find that the roughly forty percent of Maori who live in areas local to their iwi (tribe) are less mobile than comparable Europeans in those same areas. Defining local areas both based on both traditional iwi locations and current iwi populations, we find suggestive evidence that social ties are more important than land-based attachment in explaining why these Maori are relatively less mobile, but that land-based attachment is also an important impediment to mobility.Mobility, Migration, Social Networks, New Zealand, Maori, Labour Market Areas

Book Translations As Idea Flows: The Effects of the Collapse of Communism on the Diffusion of Knowledge

We use book translations as a new measure of international idea flows and study the effects of Communism’s collapse in Eastern Europe on these flows. Using novel data on 800,000 translations, we show that while translations between Communist languages decreased by two thirds with the collapse, Western-to-Communist translations increased by a factor of seven and reached Western levels. Convergence was full in economically-beneficial fields such as sciences and only partial in culturally-beneficial fields such as history. The effects were larger for more Western-oriented countries. These findings help us understand how institutions shape the international diffusion of knowledge.international flows of ideas, international transfer of knowledge, globalization, book translations, Communism, transition economies

The Geographical Mobility of Mâori in New Zealand

This paper describes the geographical location and internal mobility of the Mâori ethnic group in New Zealand between 1991 and 2001. It is often suggested that Mâori are less mobile than other ethnic groups because of attachment to particular geographical locations. We compare the mobility of Mâori in particular locations to the mobility of similar Europeans in those same locations and find that, contrary to this anecdotal evidence, most Mâori are, on average, more mobile than Europeans in New Zealand. We do find that the roughly forty percent of Mâori who live in areas local to their iwi (tribe) are less mobile than comparable Europeans in those same areas. Defining local areas both based on both traditional iwi locations and current iwi populations, we find suggestive evidence that social ties are more important than land-based attachment in explaining why these Mâori are relatively less mobile, but that land- based attachment is also an important impediment to mobility.Mobility, Migration, Social Networks, New Zealand, Mâori, Labour Market Areas

Maori Incomes: Investigating Differences Between Iwi

This paper investigates several factors that may be important for improving Maori outcomes, and the extent to which their importance varies by iwi. Specifically, it examines the extent to which controlling for differences in characteristics of the European population and the populations of various iwi can account for the differences in income distribution between the groups. It finds that qualification levels are important-they account for an average of approximately 29% of the difference between iwi and European incomes. The differing age distributions and the proportions of the population with different work and labour force statuses also account for much of the difference. Residence in different types of urban or rural area appears less relevant, as does residence in different regional council areas. The sizes of the influences of the different factors vary considerably by iwi and sometimes by gender. This suggests that policies aimed at improving Maori incomes may be more cost-effective if they target specific iwi.Income distribution, Maori income, iwi, decomposition

Mâori Incomes:Investigating Differences Between Iwi

This paper investigates several factors that may be important for improving Mâori outcomes, and the extent to which their importance varies by iwi. Specifically, it examines the extent to which controlling for differences in characteristics of the European population and the populations of various iwi can account for the differences in income distribution between the groups. It finds that qualification levels are important—they account for an average of approximately 29% of the difference between iwi and European incomes. The differing age distributions and the proportions of the population with different work and labour force statuses also account for much of the difference. Residence in different types of urban or rural area appears less relevant, as does residence in different regional council areas. The sizes of the influences of the different factors vary considerably by iwi and sometimes by gender. This suggests that policies aimed at improving Mâori incomes may be more cost-effective if they target specific iwi.Income distribution, Mâori income, iwi, decomposition

Taxes vs Permits: Options for Price-Based Climate Change Regulation

This paper provides an overview of key issues involved in the choice among market-based instruments for climate change policy. Specifically, it examines the potential net benefits from shifting to a permit system for emission reduction, and the preconditions necessary for this change. It also draws out the implications of New Zealand’s specific circumstances and current climate policies for future policy development.climate change; emissions trading; permits; taxation; New Zealand

The likely regional impacts of an agricultural emissions policy in New Zealand: Preliminary analysis

Hendy and Kerr (2005b) find that an emissions charge on agricultural methane and nitrous oxide of $25 per tonne of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent would be likely to reduce New Zealand's net land-use related emissions for commitment period one in the order of 3%, with full accounting. The costs per farmer and as a percentage of profit would be very high. This paper considers the regional impacts of such a policy in New Zealand by allocating the emission charge across space according to the location of animals. We then combine our emissions charge information with data on the socio-economic characteristics of the affected areas. Obviously rural areas are heavily affected. In many respects, for example median income, ethnic mix, and percentage of working people with a university degree, the rural areas most affected have very similar socio-economic characteristics to other parts of rural New Zealand. Only in two ways do they appear to differ. Our findings indicate that areas with high emission costs tend to have high employment rates, but that they also have a disproportionately high number of unqualified people.climate change, land use, social impacts, methane, nitrous oxide, dairy, sheep, beef, distribution of costs, regional

Searching for the Best of Both Worlds : EFTA Members Joining the EC

Most of the founding members of the European Free Trade Area are now member states of the European Community. What motivated them originally to join the fiee trade area? What additional advantages did they subsequently hope to derive from membership of the Community

The likely regional impacts of an agricultural emissions policy in New Zealand: Preliminary analysis

Hendy and Kerr (2005b) find that an emissions charge on agricultural methane and nitrous oxide of $25 per tonne of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent would be likely to reduce New Zealand’s net land-use related emissions for commitment period one in the order of 3%, with full accounting. The costs per farmer and as a percentage of profit would be very high. This paper considers the regional impacts of such a policy in New Zealand by allocating the emission charge across space according to the location of animals. We then combine our emissions charge information with data on the socio-economic characteristics of the affected areas. Obviously rural areas are heavily affected. In many respects, for example median income, ethnic mix, and percentage of working people with a university degree, the rural areas most affected have very similar socio-economic characteristics to other parts of rural New Zealand. Only in two ways do they appear to differ. Our findings indicate that areas with high emission costs tend to have high employment rates, but that they also have a disproportionately high number of unqualified people.climate change, land use, social impacts, methane, nitrous oxide, dairy, sheep, beef, distribution of costs, regional

Africa\u27s First Tiger Cub : The Incredible Success-Story of Mauritius

Mauritius has often been cited as the success story of the 1980s among developing countries. The country embarked on an ambitious program of industrial and commercial development in 1971, when the Export Processing Zone (EPZ) was set up (Reuters Librq Reporr 1995). According to Business America (Craig 1992), \u27\u27From 1 97 1 to 1990, the number of enterprises in the EPZ jumped fiom 10 to 574; employment from 644 to 88,258; exports from MRS. (Mauritian Rupees) 4 million to MRS. 1 1,000 million; and exports as a percentage of total Mauritian exports fiom 1 1 to 63 percent