Méthodologie de la sélection décentralisée et participative (un exemple sur le blé tendre)

L agroécologie a des attentes fortes en termes de recherche sur les concepts et sur les méthodes de sélection et de gestion de la diversité. En effet, la prise en compte de la diversité des environnements et des pratiques spécifiques à chaque système agroécologique appelle des approches plus décentralisées, c est à dire une meilleure prise en compte des interactions génotype . environnement, et associant les savoirs empiriques des praticiens aux connaissances scientifiques.L objectif de cette thèse est de développer une méthodologie de la sélection participative pour le blé tendre, basée sur la décentralisation et la co-construction entre paysans, associations du Réseau Semences Paysannes et chercheurs de l équipe DEAP de l INRA du Moulon. Cette approche vise à créer des variétés-populations adaptées aux environnements et aux pratiques des paysans, à développer des méthodes et des outils opérationnels pour la gestion et la sélection de la biodiversité cultivée à la ferme et à renforcer l apprentissage et l autonomie des paysans en matière de sélection.Ce travail a contribué à atteindre ces objectifs, notamment les deux derniers, en se basant sur une approche interdisciplinaire dans les champs de la statistique, génétique quantitative, génétique des populations, bio-informatique et sociologie.Les objectifs ont été en partie atteints avec la création de méthodes et d outils : fiches de suivi de la culture, base de données permettant de gérer les relations entre lots de semences dans un large réseau d acteurs, dispositifs expérimentaux à la ferme et méthodes statistiques permettant de prendre en compte le déséquilibre des essais à la ferme, en profitant du large réseau d expérimentation, afin de réaliser des comparaisons de moyennes dans les fermes et d analyser les interactions génotype . environnement dans le réseau de fermes, programme informatique qui permet de créer un dossier avec des résultats personnalisés pour chaque paysan, livret technique sur la sélection participative.Une analyse moléculaire et phénotypique montre que le programme de sélection participative s insère dans la gestion in-situ des ressources génétiques par la création de nouvelles variétés-populations et par leur gestion dans un large réseau de fermes regroupant une grande diversité d environnements et de pratiques.Les paysans ont renforcé leur apprentissage et leur autonomie. Ils étaient acteurs du programme et leurs pratiques ont évolué avec, par exemple, un nombre croissant de populations évaluées sur le réseau, de sélections et d échanges de semences entre paysans au fur et à mesure que le projet avançait.Deux innovations émergent de ce projet : organisationnelle et génétique. L innovation organisationnelle correspond au mode de fonctionnement du projet, basé sur la décentralisation de la sélection directement dans les fermes et la co-construction entre les acteurs et leur mise en réseau. Les innovations génétiques découlent de ce mode d organisation : une large diversité génétique et phénotypique a été créée, est maintenue et évaluée dans les fermes et de nouvelles variétés populations, issues du programme, sont utilisées par des paysans dans leurs fermes.La méthodologie que nous avons développée est évolutive, flexible et adaptable. Elle place les paysans au coeur de la sélection et de la gestion des ressources génétiques. Ce projet participe à la transition vers un nouveau système semencier adapté à l agroécologieTaking into account the diversity of environment and practices to each agroecological system needs decentralized approaches, which means taking into account genotype environment interactions, and associate empirical knowledge from practitioners to scientific knowledge from researchers.The objectives of this PhD is to develop a participatory plant breeding methodology on bread wheat, based on decentralization and co-construction between farmers, NGOs and reasearch team DEAP from INRA Le Moulon.This approach aims to create population-varieties adapted to environments and farmers' practices, to develop methods and tools for breeding and cultivated biodiversity management and to reinforce learning and autonomy of farmers for breeding.This work contributed to reach these objectives, especially the last two, based on an interdisciplinary approach in statistics, quantitative genetic, populations genetic, bio-informatic and sociology.Objectives were partly reach with creation of methods and tools : monitoring sheet of the crop, data base which manage relation between seed lots in a large network of actors, experimental design on farm and statistical methods that take into account the disequilibrium of trials on farm, taking advantage of the large network, in order to make mean comparisons on farm and analyse genotype x environments interactions in the network of farms, software which create a folder with personalised results for each farmer, technical booklet on participatory plan t breeding.A phenotypic and molecular analysis shows that the programme takes part in in-situ management of genetic resources by creating new population-varieties and their management in a broad network of farms.Moreover, farmers reinforce their learning and their autonomy. They were actors of the programme and their practices evolved with, for example, an increasing number of populations evaluated on the network, of selection, of seed exchange between farmers as the project go on.Two innovations emerged from this project : organisational and genetic. The organisational innovation correspond to the way the project worked, based on decentralisation of the selection directly on farms and co-construction between actors and their networked. Genetic innovations are the consequence of this organisation : a brad genetic and phenotypic diversity has been created, and maintain and evaluated on farms and new population-varieties, coming from the project, are used by farmers on their farms.The methodology that we developed is evolutive, flexible and adaptable. It put farmers in the heart of selection and biodiversity management. This project contribute to a transition toward a new seed system adapted to agroecology.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. électronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Satisfaction with care among patients with non-metastatic breast cancer: development and first steps of validation of the REPERES-60 questionnaire

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The care itinerary for cancer involves difficulties that occur in several different areas, whether in the diagnostic procedures, in surgery, or in adjuvant treatment. The aim of this work was to obtain a valid instrument measuring satisfaction among patients with breast cancer and exploring their care itinerary overall.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p><it>Development phase</it>: Patient focus groups were implemented in two French regions in order to identify areas of satisfaction in relation to the different phases of care provision in breast cancer. On the basis of the literature and the themes and wordings derived from the focus groups, the patients identified several areas of satisfaction, which they found to be partially covered in an American satisfaction measure that has been validated in the French general population (the Consumer Satisfaction Survey in its French version, CSS-VF, 39 items). The patient focus groups suggested adaptation of certain dimensions of this instrument to the potential care providers (37 items) and produced 45 new items in six areas.</p> <p><it>Validation phase</it>: Using a large sample of patients (cohort of 820 women with invasive non-metastatic breast cancer) approached one month after treatment, this phase selected items that were comprehensible (non-response rate < 10%), non-redundant (r < 0.80) and reproducible (test-retest conducted on a sub-sample of 166 patients). The dimensions were identified by factor analysis on the selected items. Divergent and discriminant validity were assessed (relationships with quality of life questionnaire, comparisons between extreme groups).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Results were in favour of not inserting additional broken-down items into the CSS-VF and retaining 21 new items. The factor analysis found the initial structure of the CSS-VF (39 items in 9 dimensions) and the 21 new items divide up into four dimensions (listening abilities and information provided by doctors, organisation and follow-up of medical care provision, psychological support, material environment). No redundancy was observed between new items and CSS-VF items. Internal consistency was high. Divergent and discriminant validity were satisfactory.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Adding four new dimensions to the CSS-VF yielded a valid 60-item instrument for assessment of care provided in breast cancer. These promising results now require further investigations of its responsiveness and its robustness in other linguistic, cultural and healthcare settings.</p

Polar Smectic Films

We report on a new experimental procedure for forming and studying polar smectic liquid crystal films. A free standing smectic film is put in contact with a liquid drop, so that the film has one liquid crystal/liquid interface and one liquid crystal/air interface. This polar environment results in changes in the textures observed in the film, including a boojum texture and a previously unobserved spiral texture in which the winding direction of the spiral reverses at a finite radius from its center. Some aspects of these textures are explained by the presence of a Ksb term in the bulk elastic free energy density that favors a combination of splay and bend deformations.Comment: 4 pages, REVTeX, 3 figures, submitted to PR

A conformação dos ecomuseus: elementos para compreensão e análise

Apresenta uma história dos ecomuseus enraizado nos movimentos de folclore e etnografia regional, do final do século XIX até os dias de hoje, examinando o caso francês. Explora aspectos em geral menos enfatizados neste campo, tal como a natureza e o papel atribuído aos acervos e ao patrimônio cultural e padrões museográticos

Covichem: A biochemical severity risk score of COVID-19 upon hospital admission

Clinical and laboratory predictors of COVID-19 severity are now well described and combined to propose mortality or severity scores. However, they all necessitate saturable equipment such as scanners, or procedures difficult to implement such as blood gas measures. To provide an easy and fast COVID-19 severity risk score upon hospital admission, and keeping in mind the above limits, we sought for a scoring system needing limited invasive data such as a simple blood test and co-morbidity assessment by anamnesis. A retrospective study of 303 patients (203 from Bordeaux University hospital and an external independent cohort of 100 patients from Paris Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital) collected clinical and biochemical parameters at admission. Using stepwise model selection by Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), we built the severity score Covichem. Among 26 tested variables, 7: obesity, cardiovascular conditions, plasma sodium, albumin, ferritin, LDH and CK were the independent predictors of severity used in Covichem (accuracy 0.87, AUROC 0.91). Accuracy was 0.92 in the external validation cohort (89% sensitivity and 95% specificity). Covichem score could be useful as a rapid, costless and easy to implement severity assessment tool during acute COVID-19 pandemic waves

Genetic landscape of a large cohort of Primary Ovarian Insufficiency : New genes and pathways and implications for personalized medicine

Background Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI), a public health problem, affects 1-3.7% of women under 40 yield-ing infertility and a shorter lifespan. Most causes are unknown. Recently, genetic causes were identified, mostly in single families. We studied an unprecedented large cohort of POI to unravel its molecular pathophysiology.Methods 375 patients with 70 families were studied using targeted (88 genes) or whole exome sequencing with pathogenic/likely-pathogenic variant selection. Mitomycin-induced chromosome breakages were studied in patients' lymphocytes if necessary. Findings A high-yield of 29.3% supports a clinical genetic diagnosis of POI. In addition, we found strong evidence of pathogenicity for nine genes not previously related to a Mendelian phenotype or POI: ELAVL2, NLRP11, CENPE, SPATA33, CCDC150, CCDC185, including DNA repair genes: C17orf53(HROB), HELQ, SWI5 yielding high chromo-somal fragility. We confirmed the causal role of BRCA2, FANCM, BNC1, ERCC6, MSH4, BMPR1A, BMPR1B, BMPR2, ESR2, CAV1, SPIDR, RCBTB1 and ATG7 previously reported in isolated patients/families. In 8.5% of cases, POI is the only symptom of a multi-organ genetic disease. New pathways were identified: NF-kB, post-translational regulation, and mitophagy (mitochondrial autophagy), providing future therapeutic targets. Three new genes have been shown to affect the age of natural menopause supporting a genetic link.Interpretation We have developed high-performance genetic diagnostic of POI, dissecting the molecular pathogene-sis of POI and enabling personalized medicine to i) prevent/cure comorbidities for tumour/cancer susceptibility genes that could affect life-expectancy (37.4% of cases), or for genetically-revealed syndromic POI (8.5% of cases), ii) predict residual ovarian reserve (60.5% of cases). Genetic diagnosis could help to identify patients who may benefit from the promising in vitro activation-IVA technique in the near future, greatly improving its success in treating infertility.Funding Universite? Paris Saclay, Agence Nationale de Biome?decine.Copyright (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)Peer reviewe

Comparison of seven prognostic tools to identify low-risk pulmonary embolism in patients aged <50 years

publishersversionPeer reviewe

Association Between Preexisting Versus Newly Identified Atrial Fibrillation and Outcomes of Patients With Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) may exist before or occur early in the course of pulmonary embolism (PE). We determined the PE outcomes based on the presence and timing of AF. Methods and Results Using the data from a multicenter PE registry, we identified 3 groups: (1) those with preexisting AF, (2) patients with new AF within 2 days from acute PE (incident AF), and (3) patients without AF. We assessed the 90-day and 1-year risk of mortality and stroke in patients with AF, compared with those without AF (reference group). Among 16 497 patients with PE, 792 had preexisting AF. These patients had increased odds of 90-day all-cause (odds ratio [OR], 2.81; 95% CI, 2.33-3.38) and PE-related mortality (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.37-4.14) and increased 1-year hazard for ischemic stroke (hazard ratio, 5.48; 95% CI, 3.10-9.69) compared with those without AF. After multivariable adjustment, preexisting AF was associated with significantly increased odds of all-cause mortality (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.57-2.32) but not PE-related mortality (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 0.85-2.66). Among 16 497 patients with PE, 445 developed new incident AF within 2 days of acute PE. Incident AF was associated with increased odds of 90-day all-cause (OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.75-2.97) and PE-related (OR, 3.64; 95% CI, 2.01-6.59) mortality but not stroke. Findings were similar in multivariable analyses. Conclusions In patients with acute symptomatic PE, both preexisting AF and incident AF predict adverse clinical outcomes. The type of adverse outcomes may differ depending on the timing of AF onset.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Synthese et etude du mecanisme d'action d'inhibiteurs des enzymes glycolytiques: hexokinase et aldolase

SIGLEAvailable from INIST (FR), Document Supply Service, under shelf-number : T 82805 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc