The Multifaceted Nature of “Food Diversity” as a Life-Related Legal Value

none1siInternational and Italian legal literature has dedicated considerable worthy research to food law in relation to questions such as food security, quality and typicality (along with the related topics of indication and guarantee of origin), the right to food, as well as food sovereignty. The same cannot be said, however, in the matter of food diversity as a significant value in law, with the exception of a few recent research initiatives underway. The genetic diversity of the living sources of food is a value that is certainly implicated in food diversity, but, as this paper seeks to show, the latter is a value of synthesis that, despite encompassing animal, vegetable and microbial biodiversity, is not exhausted only within it. What seems useful therefore is an endeavour to investigate the problem of food diversity from a broader perspective so as to delineate some frames of reference. Food diversity can be said to be a synthesis of multiple diversities. It is a value system where numerous legal values of primary importance under constitutional protection converge and are contained: environment/biodiversity, territorial autonomy and differentiation, landscape, cultural heritage, human health, personal and religious freedom, and the educational choices of the family. The strengths of these basic value aggregate organically, conferring to food diversity a role of absolute primary importance in law. As this paper proposes, recognizing cultural diversity as a complex, systemic and life-related legal value, that is, as a “condensation” of the normative energy originating from the combination of multiple constitutionally fundamental legal values that are bound up with the supreme value of life in its differing scales, which in their turn are inextricably interrelated, permits the attribution to food diversity of a much stronger (respecting the situation to date) “resistance” in law against purely economic interests.Library of Congress Control Number: 2018933578. The collective book reflects on the issues concerning, on the one hand, the difficulty in feeding an ever- increasing world population and, on the other hand, the need to build new productive systems able to protect the planet from overexploitation. The concept of “food diversity” is a synthesis of diversities: biodiversity of ecological sources of food supply; socio territorial diversity; and cultural diversity of food traditions. In keeping with this transdisciplinary perspective, the book collects a large number of contributions that examine, firstly the relationships between agrobiodiversity, rural sustainable systems and food diversity; and secondly, the issues concerning typicality (food specialties/food identities), rural development and territorial communities. Lastly, it explores legal questions concerning the regulations aiming to protect both the food diversity and the right to food, in the light of the political, economic and social implications related to the problem of feeding the world population, while at the same time respecting local communities’ rights, especially in the developing countries. The book collects the works of legal scholars, agroecologists, historians and sociologists from around the globe. ****** Il volume è stato segnalato dalla Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 2018, Vol. 36(3) 236. Esso è inoltre presente in numerose biblioteche internazionali, tra cui quella della Stanford University: https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/12658601 .noneM. MONTEDUROMonteduro, M

Worldwide trends in population-based survival for children, adolescents, and young adults diagnosed with leukaemia, by subtype, during 2000–14 (CONCORD-3): analysis of individual data from 258 cancer registries in 61 countries

Background: Leukaemias comprise a heterogenous group of haematological malignancies. In CONCORD-3, we analysed data for children (aged 0–14 years) and adults (aged 15–99 years) diagnosed with a haematological malignancy during 2000–14 in 61 countries. Here, we aimed to examine worldwide trends in survival from leukaemia, by age and morphology, in young patients (aged 0–24 years). Methods: We analysed data from 258 population-based cancer registries in 61 countries participating in CONCORD-3 that submitted data on patients diagnosed with leukaemia. We grouped patients by age as children (0–14 years), adolescents (15–19 years), and young adults (20–24 years). We categorised leukaemia subtypes according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC-3), updated with International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, third edition (ICD-O-3) codes. We estimated 5-year net survival by age and morphology, with 95% CIs, using the non-parametric Pohar-Perme estimator. To control for background mortality, we used life tables by country or region, single year of age, single calendar year and sex, and, where possible, by race or ethnicity. All-age survival estimates were standardised to the marginal distribution of young people with leukaemia included in the analysis. Findings: 164 563 young people were included in this analysis: 121 328 (73·7%) children, 22 963 (14·0%) adolescents, and 20 272 (12·3%) young adults. In 2010–14, the most common subtypes were lymphoid leukaemia (28 205 [68·2%] patients) and acute myeloid leukaemia (7863 [19·0%] patients). Age-standardised 5-year net survival in children, adolescents, and young adults for all leukaemias combined during 2010–14 varied widely, ranging from 46% in Mexico to more than 85% in Canada, Cyprus, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, and Australia. Individuals with lymphoid leukaemia had better age-standardised survival (from 43% in Ecuador to ≥80% in parts of Europe, North America, Oceania, and Asia) than those with acute myeloid leukaemia (from 32% in Peru to ≥70% in most high-income countries in Europe, North America, and Oceania). Throughout 2000–14, survival from all leukaemias combined remained consistently higher for children than adolescents and young adults, and minimal improvement was seen for adolescents and young adults in most countries. Interpretation: This study offers the first worldwide picture of population-based survival from leukaemia in children, adolescents, and young adults. Adolescents and young adults diagnosed with leukaemia continue to have lower survival than children. Trends in survival from leukaemia for adolescents and young adults are important indicators of the quality of cancer management in this age group