Comparison of the Effect of Administration Time of Prophylactic Antibiotics on Post-Operative Wound Infection after Caesarean Section

Objective: To compare the post-operative wound infection rate after cesarean section in women receiving prophylactic antibiotics before skin incision with women receiving antibiotic after cord clamping of baby. Study design: Randomized controlled trial Place and Duration of Study:  Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Holy Family hospital, Rawalpindi from October 2017 to April 2018. Materials & Methods: 356 patients pregnant female of age 20-45 years who were at term undergoing elective cesarean section for any indication were enrolled. All the patients were randomly divided into two groups. Group A (study group) was comprised of patients who received prophylactic antibiotic dose 15-60 min before the start of surgery. Group B (control group) was comprised of patients who received the antibiotic after the cord clamping of the baby.  The wound infection was noted for both the groups. All the patients were followed up for 8 days to assess infection. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 22.  Results: Mean maternal age of the total study population found to be 28.6±5.3 years. Mean gestational age in all the enrolled patients found to be 37.7±1.2 weeks. Wound infection was noted in 28.4% (n=101) of total study population. Out of 101 total patients who presented with wound infection, 63 patients (62.4%) were of control group while only 38 (37.6%) patients belonged to study group. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions: Prophylactic antibiotic are useful for controlling post cesarean wound infection. KEY WORDS: Cesarean delivery, Ceftriaxone, Wound infectio

LEARNING AND EARNING:EXPLORING THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN

This paper inspects the role of educational achievement, both on an aggregate and disaggregated level on economic growth in Pakistan. Diversity in literacy rates will produce different outcomes. As many individuals with higher education get higher returns from their education level. Investment in education produces skilled and efficient manpower making it approachable for any country to achieve economic objectives i.e. sustainable economic growth and development. Data for the empirical analysis has been taken from 1976-2020 on annual basis. Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Approach to Cointegration was applied for the analysis and it was concluded that middle and higher education levels produce a higher return to the economy as a whole. So, the investment must be made to enhance the overall economic gains

Time and frequency domain causality Testing: The causal linkages Revisited betweenFiscal Policy and Economic Growth in Pakistan

Research on the impact of fiscal policy is a dire need in today’s economic world. In this investigation, fiscal policy effectson economic growth have been explored.In this analysis,the researcher examined the relationships using the secondary data source for the 1972-2019 data series by employing Auto-Regressive Distributed Lagged Model (ARDL) and frequency domain causality Testing to investigate the causal linkages between Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth in Pakistan. The variables have been used as the budget deficit and economic growth as the core variables of theresearch and concluded the negative association between the fiscal policy (budget Deficit) and economic growth

Terminalia arjuna restores the levels of alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase of acetaminophen intoxicated mice

Background: Herbal medicines are natural and comparatively safer than conventional treatments and are well-documented for carrying little potential for harm.  Therefore, phytonutrients have occupied a central stage in the therapeutics. Terminalia arjuna, a medicinal plant, has been reported to have homeostatic, laxative, diuretic, antidiabetic, anticancer and cardiotonic actions.Methods: The current study was designed to investigate the protective role of T. arjuna leaf extract at three dose levels (100, 250, 500 mg/kg body weight) against acetaminophen (250 mg/kg body weight) induced liver damage.Results: The administration of hepatotoxin (Acetaminophen) resulted in disturbance of hematological and serological profile including alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) which was assayed in control and drug treated experimental models. Treatment with T.  arjuna leaf extract for 7 days restored the normal levels of markers and response was dose dependent.Conclusion: This study adds to the very limited existing literature regarding hepatoprotective effect of T. arjuna against acetaminophen toxicity. It is also important to get a step closer to development of accessible, authoritative, and independent information resources about herbal medicines and wide-ranging health disorders, which are currently lacking in Pakistan.Keywords: Hepatoprotective; Terminalia arjuna; ALP; AST   

Microdebrider Intracapsular Tonsillectomy: A Narrative Review

Introduction: Microdebrider intracapsular tonsillectomy is a relatively recent surgical procedure used to treat various tonsil and adenoid disorders. Unlike traditional tonsillectomies, which involve the complete removal of the tonsils, this technique uses high-speed rotation to remove only the diseased tissue, allowing for more precise removal while preserving the surrounding healthy tissue. This procedure has gained popularity in recent years due to its ability to reduce postoperative pain and allow for a quicker return to regular eating habits, especially in children with tonsillitis and sleep apnea. In this review, we aim to explore the efficacy, safety, and limitations of microdebrider intracapsular surgery in the management of otolaryngologic conditions.Methods: A preliminary search was conducted on several databases to identify relevant articles on tonsillectomy. The study focused on keywords such as "microdebrider", "Coblation tonsillectomy", "intracapsular tonsillectomy", “conventional tonsillectomy” and "minimally invasive tonsillectomy" and included patients with recurrent and/or chronic tonsillitis and patients with tonsillar hypertrophy with symptoms of obstructive sleep troubles such as persistent snoring. Conclusion: Microdebrider Intracapsular tonsillectomy is a surgical procedure used for various conditions related to the tonsils, with less tissue removed than traditional tonsillectomy. It causes less pain, has a shorter recovery time, and has fewer complications. However, there is a small risk of tonsil regrowth and the need for an additional procedure. The decision on which method to use depends on the patient's medical history and the surgeon's recommendation, and it is essential to understand potential complications and seek medical attention promptly if needed