Debates about the translation of Shakespeare in Italy: 1700-1850

Il presente progetto è dedicato allo studio e all'analisi critica di alcuni eventi-chiave della storia della riflessione teorica sulla traduzione in Italia. In qualità di "eventi-chiave" viene proposta la storia delle traduzioni in italiano dell'opera di Shakespeare. La scelta di questo autore ha una sua motivazione teorica fondamentale, dato che il problema di "come" tradurre Shakespeare accomuna gli studi di molti paesi. Le vaste polemiche attorno alle traduzioni di questo autore hanno generato una riflessione teorica sulla traduzione in quasi tutti i paesi europei. L’oggetto di studio è il contesto storico-letterario in cui appaiono le prime traduzioni shakespeariane in italiano e la ricezione critica di queste traduzioni. Il periodo preso in considerazione è determinato da due date: 1706 (prima versione italiana dell’Amleto) e la metà dell’Ottocento, quando in Italia appaiono tante traduzioni complete delle opere shakespeariane. Nel presente progetto si postula l'ipotesi che la storia e la ricezione di Shakespeare in Italia sono determinate dall’orizzonte d’attesa dei lettori italiani, caratterizzato dal dominio della cultura francese e delle idee di Voltaire in particolare. Come base teorica viene proposta la metodologia dell’estetica della ricezione e la concezione di J.R. Jauss. La presente indagine propone un percorso approfondito nella storia della questione shakespeariana in Francia e in Russia con lo scopo di mostrare che si tratta di ricerche parallele in tutta l'Europa e di un fenomeno "multinazionale", paneuropeo. Nel presente progetto un ruolo fondamentale è attribuito anche al principio dell’histoire croisée che permette di evitare di assegnare a una tradizione (nel nostro caso alla tradizione italiana) un ruolo secondario e di riscopire la storia della riflessione teorica sulla traduzione in Italia nel contesto europeo.This research project is dedicated to the critical analysis of key events in the history of theoretical reflection on translation in Italy. It focuses on the history of translation into Italian of works by Shakespeare. This choice of topic is not accidental; the question of how to translate Shakespeare has arisen in all European countries and has formed the basis of wide theoretical discussion dedicated to debates around translation as a whole. The subject of this work is the historic and literary context within which the first Shakespeare translations appeared in Italy, together with their critical reception. The chronological period under review begins in 1706 with the first publication of Hamlet in Italian, and ends with the appearance in the mid-19th century of a number of Italian translations of Shakespeare’s complete works. This dissertation puts forward the theory that the nature and characteristics of Shakespeare's reception in Italy were shaped by the Italian reader's 'horizon of expectations', itself defined by the pre-eminence at the time of French culture, particularly the work of Voltaire. The methodology is based on the work of H.R. Jauss in Reception Theory. To give a comparative context, this work studies the history of the 'Shakespeare question' in France and Russia. Such parallels provide the basis for a new approach to the methods used by Translation Studies to describe the history of the theory of translation. This work proposes the use of the histoire croisée approach, which looks through a wider, pan-European optic at a specific national tradition of theoretical reflection on translation. This approach permits a new perspective on the history of theoretical studies in the field of translation in Italy. It also helps reassess some long-held preconceptions, such as the secondary role ascribed to the Italian tradition in the history of translation theory

From the Economic Union to the Harmonisation of Higher Education in the BRICS Countries: The Experience of RUDN University

Since 2009 when Brazil, Russia, India, and China (South Africa since 2011) joined in the international organisation aimed at the economic development of the countries, and gain financial stability, the relations between the countries too boosted via political and cultural cooperation. The new economic, political and social environment has a high demand for competent specialists ready to work in various national agendas and interrelated frameworks of the BRICS. In this context, it is argued that professional training in the countries under discussion should be correlated as it provides grounds for quality assurance in education that contributes to the nations’ sustainable development, safety, and human rights provision. This situation determines the topicality of the issue. The objective of this research is to study the higher educational environment in the BRICS countries and to compare some aspects of professional training. In doing so, the study aims to present the experience of RUDN University as one of the BRICS university network members. The hypothesis states that the harmonisation of higher education systems within regional organisations can contribute to the enhancement of both international standards and individual learning paths, thus fostering youth rights for education in line with quality standards and individual preferences. To accomplish the objectives of the study, it uses the following methods - the review of the current research, formal document and online resources on higher education in the BRICS countries; the survey of the undergraduates, graduates, and postgraduates on their motivation to academic mobility, and collaboration in the frameworks of BRICS higher education. The data has been analysed employing the methods of statistical processing, qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings of the current research include the outcomes and findings on the harmonisation of higher education in the frameworks of BRICS higher education. The study will contribute to further development of BRICS countries education and the harmonisation of higher education. &nbsp

METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION OF MUSCLE TISSUE IN MEAT PRODUCTS. PREREQUISITES FOR CREATING A MULTI–LEVEL CONTROL SYSTEM

Unfair production and products that do not comply with the declared labeling are currently an acute problem in the field of technical regulation, including with regard to food safety and quality. Given the high added value and multicomponent composition, finished meat products are among the most susceptible to adulteration. Despite the best efforts of regulatory agencies to counteract these inconsistencies, the hidden substitution of cheaper or lower-grade meats is still widespread. One of the main tasks facing research laboratories and testing centers today is the detection of falsification of food products, as well as standardization and certification of techniques necessary to solve such problems. The manufacturer, aware of the current control methods, can go to the deception, using vegetable protein, new unregistered feed additives. To determine the complex changes that occur in products, it is necessary to use methodological approaches in which it is possible to reliably determine these changes. The paper presents an overview of the most commonly used methodologies for assessing the component composition of meat products. Quality assessment of meat products includes control of components of finished products. The most difficult task is to determine the proportion of muscle protein in multicomponent meat products that have undergone heat treatment.Unfair production and products that do not comply with the declared labeling are currently an acute problem in the field of technical regulation, including with regard to food safety and quality. Given the high added value and multicomponent composition, finished meat products are among the most susceptible to adulteration. Despite the best efforts of regulatory agencies to counteract these inconsistencies, the hidden substitution of cheaper or lower-grade meats is still widespread. One of the main tasks facing research laboratories and testing centers today is the detection of falsification of food products, as well as standardization and certification of techniques necessary to solve such problems. The manufacturer, aware of the current control methods, can go to the deception, using vegetable protein, new unregistered feed additives. To determine the complex changes that occur in products, it is necessary to use methodological approaches in which it is possible to reliably determine these changes. The paper presents an overview of the most commonly used methodologies for assessing the component composition of meat products. Quality assessment of meat products includes control of components of finished products. The most difficult task is to determine the proportion of muscle protein in multicomponent meat products that have undergone heat treatment

Changes in plant collection practices from the 16th to 21st centuries: Implications for the use of herbarium specimens in global change research

Our findings strongly support the hypothesis that many characteristics of herbarium specimens have changed systematically and substantially from the 16th to 21st centuries due to changes in plant collection and preservation practices. These changes may both create patterns which could be erroneously attributed to environmental changes and obscure historical trends in plant traits. The utmost care ought to be taken to guard against the possibility of misinterpretation of data obtained from herbarium specimens. We recommend that directional changes in characters of herbarium specimens which occurred during the past 150‒200 years, primarily in specimen size and in the presence of reproductive structures, are accounted for when searching for the effects of past environmental changes on plant traits.</p

Biases in estimation of insect herbivory from herbarium specimens

Information regarding plant damage by insects in the past is essential to explore impacts of climate change on herbivory. We asked whether insect herbivory measured from herbarium specimens reflects the levels of herbivory occurring in nature at the time of herbarium sampling. We compared herbivory measurements between herbarium specimens collected by botany students and ecological samples collected simultaneously by the authors by a method that minimized unconscious biases, and asked herbarium curators to select one of two plant specimens, which differed in leaf damage, for their collections. Both collectors and curators generally preferred specimens with lesser leaf damage, but the strength of this preference varied among persons. In addition, the differences in measured leaf damage between ecological samples and herbarium specimens varied among plant species and increased with the increase in field herbivory. Consequently, leaf damage in herbarium specimens did not correlate with the actual level of herbivory. We conclude that studies of herbarium specimens produce biased information on past levels of herbivory, because leaf damage measured from herbarium specimens not only underestimates field herbivory, but it is not proportional to the level of damage occurring in nature due to multiple factors that cannot be controlled in data analysis

Protonation and Photocatalytic Activity of the Rb 2

The Rb2La2Ti3O10 layered oxide was synthesized by the solid-state method. Three phases with different protonation degrees and intercalated water contents were obtained from the initial compound by the treatment with distilled water and hydrochloric acid. The obtained samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, SEM, X-ray microanalysis, BET, DRS, and TG. It was found that the complete ion exchange of Rb+ for H+ in the layered oxide Rb2La2Ti3O10 proceeds through the formation of two metastable intermediate phases with average protonation degrees of 0.5 and 0.75, which successively transform from one to another. Each of these phase transformations is accompanied not only by the contraction of the interlayer distance but also by the displacement of adjacent perovskite layers by 1/2 of the cell parameter which results in the change in the space group. The photocatalytic activity of obtained samples decreases with the increase in the protonation degree, which correlates with the decrease in the intercalated water content

СЛУЧАЙ ПЕРВИЧНОЙ ПРОГРЕССИРУЮЩЕЙ АФАЗИИ

The article described the rare clinical case of the patient with probable transmissible encephalopathy (Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease) in whom rapidly forming primary progressive aphasia was the herald clinical feature, and motor and sensory functions were preserved. Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease was diagnosed, and it was confirmed by clinical picture with fast progression of the disease, together with neurovisualization (brain magnetic resonance imaging, FLAIR and DWI options) and electroencephalography pattern. Other possible causes of primary progressive aphasia were excluded.Описывается редкое наблюдение за пациентом с вероятной трансмиссивной энцефалопатией (болезнью Крейтцфельд – Якоба), у которого ведущей клинической чертой явились быстро прогрессирующие нарушения речи при сохранности двигательных и чувствительных функций. Диагноз болезни Крейтцфельд – Якоба был подтвержден клинической картиной с быстрым прогрессированием заболевания, нейровизуализацией (магнитно-резонансной томографией головного мозга в режимах FLAIR, DWI) и картиной электроэнцефалографии. Другие возможные причины первичной прогрессирующей афазии были исключены

Riociguat treatment in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: Final safety data from the EXPERT registry

Objective: The soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator riociguat is approved for the treatment of adult patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and inoperable or persistent/recurrent chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) following Phase