Forensic Analysis of Tor Browser on Windows 10 and Android 10 Operating Systems

Smartphones and Internet have become prevalent in our society with various applications in businesses, education, healthcare, gaming, and research. One of the major issues with the Internet today is its lack of security since an eavesdropper can potentially intercept the communication. This has contributed towards an increased number of cyber-crime incidents, resulting in an increase in users’ consciousness about the security and privacy of their communication . One example is the shift towards using private browsers such as Tor. Tor is a well-recognized and widely used privacy browser based on The Onion Router network that provisions anonymity over the insecure Internet. This functionality of Tor has been a major hurdle in cybercrime investigations due to the complex nature of its anonymity. This paper investigates artifacts from the Tor privacy browser on the latest Windows 10 and Android 10 devices to determine potential areas where evidence can be found. We examine the registry, storage, and memory of Windows 10 devices and the memory, storage, logs, and Zram of Android 10 devices for three possible scenarios i.e. before, during, and after use of the Tor browser. Our results do not support the claims made by the Tor Project regarding user privacy and anonymity. We find that it is possible to retrieve significant details about a user’s browsing activities while the Tor browser is in use as well as after it is closed (on both operating systems). This paper also provides an investigative methodology for the acquisition and analysis of Tor browser artifacts from different areas of the targeted operating systems. Therefore, it can serve as a base to expand research in the forensic analysis of other privacy browsers and improve the efficiency of cybercrime investigations efficiency

Ventilator associated pneumonia in neonatal intensive care unit: Occurrence and risk factors

Objectives: To examine the occurrence of pneumonia linked with a ventilator in the neonatal intensive care unit and to determine the related risk factors.Purpose of study: To better identify the associated morbidity and mortality, pathophysiology, and recommended measures to avoid this disease, paediatric VAP diagnosis methods must become more standardized and exact.Study design: A cross-sectional studyPlace and Duration: This study was conducted at Aga Khan University hospital from May 2021 to May 2022Methodology: This study includes a total of 70 participants admitted in neonatal intensive care unit. All the patients were put under the ventilator for more than 2 days. At the time of admission, the X-ray of the chest was performed, and it was also performed every day. When certain organisms were present on the tracheal aspirate, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) was diagnosed. After 2 days of ventilation, microbial analysis and gram staining were done for tracheal aspirates. They were later examined to determine the occurrence of nosocomial pneumonia and what are the risk factors linked with it. A Chi-square test and t-test were conducted to examine all the data. A confidence level of 0.05 was set.Results: Pneumonia associated with the ventilator occurred in 31.4% of the participants where a large number had developed it between 4-14 days after intubation. There were certain risk factors that were determined in our research. They include the use of H2 blockers, invasive lines, low PaO2/FiO2, and re-intubation. There were two things (use of steroids and enteral feeding through nasogastric) that were not linked with the occurrence of this pneumonia. The patients who were in the group of ventilator-associated pneumonia were having a longer time period of stay and mechanical ventilation.Practical implication: In newborn and paediatric intensive care units, VAP continues to be a significant and unresolved problem. The results of this study will highlight the numerous elements that significantly contribute to ventilator-associated pneumonia.Conclusion: The occurrence of pneumonia associated with ventilators is high. Those patients who were having above mentioned risk factors should require pay special attention towards prevention