Energy Consumption Rate based Stable Election Protocol (ECRSEP) for WSNs

In recent few yearsWireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have seen an increased interest in various applications like border field security, disaster management and medical applications. So large number of sensor nodes are deployed for such applications, which can work autonomously. Due to small power batteries in WSNs, efficient utilization of battery power is an important factor. Clustering is an efficient technique to extend life time of sensor networks by reducing the energy consumption. In this paper, we propose a new protocol; Energy Consumption Rate based Stable Election Protocol (ECRSEP). Our CH selection scheme is based on the weighted election probabilities of each node according to the Energy Consumption Rate (ECR) of each node. We compare results of our proposed protocol with Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering (DEEC), Stable Election Protocol (SEP), and Enhanced SEP(ESEP). Our simulation results show that our proposed protocol, ECRSEP outperforms all these protocols in terms of network stability and network lifetime

New Security Proof of a Restricted High-Dimensional QKD Protocol

High-dimensional (HD) states are known to have several interesting properties when applied to quantum cryptography. For quantum key distribution (QKD), these states have the potential to improve noise tolerance and efficiency. However, creating, and measuring, HD states is technologically challenging, thus making it important to study HD-QKD protocols where Alice and Bob are restricted in their quantum capabilities. In this paper, we revisit a particular HD-QKD protocol, introduced in (PRA 97 (4):042347, 2018), which does not require Alice and Bob to be capable of sending and measuring in full mutually unbiased bases. In a way, the protocol is a HD version of the three state BB84: one full basis is used for key distillation, but only a single state is used, from an alternative basis, for testing the fidelity of the channel. The previous proof of security for this protocol has relied on numerical methods, making it difficult to evaluate for high dimensions. In this work, we provide a new proof of security, and give an explicit key-rate equation for depolarization channels, allowing us to evaluate the key-rate for arbitrarily high dimensional states. Furthermore, our new proof produces better results than prior work for dimensions greater than eight, and shows that HD-states can benefit restricted protocols of this nature

Q-LEACH: A New Routing Protocol for WSNs

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) with their dynamic applications gained a tremendous attention of researchers. Constant monitoring of critical situations attracted researchers to utilize WSNs at vast platforms. The main focus in WSNs is to enhance network life-time as much as one could, for efficient and optimal utilization of resources. Different approaches based upon clustering are proposed for optimum functionality. Network life-time is always related with energy of sensor nodes deployed at remote areas for constant and fault tolerant monitoring. In this work, we propose Quadrature-LEACH (Q-LEACH) for homogenous networks which enhances stability period, network life-time and throughput quiet significantly

Paramagnetism in the kagome compounds (Zn,Mg,Cd)Cu3_{3}(OH)6_{6}Cl2_{2}

Frustrated magnetism on the kagome lattice has been a fertile ground for rich and fascinating physics, ranging from experimental evidence of a spin liquid to theoretical predictions of exotic superconductivity. Among experimentally realized spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ kagome magnets, herbertsmithite, kapellasite, and haydeeite [(Zn,Mg)Cu$_{3}$(OH)$_{6}$Cl$_{2}$] are all well described by a three-parameter Heisenberg model, but they exhibit distinctly different physics. We address the problem using a pseudofermion functional renormalization-group approach and analyze the low-energy physics in the experimentally accessible parameter range. Our analysis places kapellasite and haydeeite near the boundaries between magnetically ordered and disordered phases, implying that slight modifications could dramatically affect their magnetic properties. Inspired by this, we perform \textit{ab initio} density functional theory calculations of (Zn,Mg,Cd)Cu$_{3}$ (OH)$_{6}$Cl$_{2}$ at various pressures. Our results suggest that by varying pressure and composition one can traverse a paramagnetic regime between different magnetically ordered phases.Comment: Published version. Main paper (7 pages, 5 figures) and Supplemental material (7 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables). Change in titl

Error Estimation of Numerical Integration Methods

We compare the accuracy of numerical integral methods like Newton-Cotes method and Gaussian Quadrature Rule (GQR) for the model problem and tested for another problem to verify the results. From results we notice that error of GQR is about 10 times less than Newton-Cotes formulas. For this reason we prefer GQR over other methods. But GQR uses nodes and weights which is a tedious work. This difficulty can overcome by using the idea of  ”three-term recurrence” relation. We can transform the problem of finding the nodes and weights for GQR to one of finding eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a symmetric tridiagonal matrix. Keywords: Numerical integration; Gaussian Quadrature rules; error estimate; convergence rate

RSSI Based Indoor Localization for Smartphone Using Fixed and Mobile Wireless Node

Nowadays with the dispersion of wireless networks, smartphones and diverse related services, different localization techniques have been developed. Global Positioning System (GPS) has a high rate of accuracy for outdoor localization but the signal is not available inside of buildings. Also other existing methods for indoor localization have low accuracy. In addition, they use fixed infrastructure support. In this paper, we present a novel system for indoor localization, which also works well outside. We have developed a mathematical model for estimating location (distance and direction) of a mobile device using wireless technology. Our experimental results on Smartphones (Android and iOS) show good accuracy (an error less than 2.5 meters). We have also used our developed system in asset tracking and complex activity recognition